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| Kruger, Joseph. |
| Cap-and-trade programs have become widely accepted for the control of conventional air pollution in the United States. However, there is still no political consensus to use these programs to address greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, in the wake of the success of the U.S. SO2 and NOx trading programs, private companies, state governments, and the European Union are developing new trading programs or other initiatives that may set precedents for a future national U.S. greenhouse gas trading scheme. This paper summarizes the literature on the "lessons learned" from the SO2 trading program for greenhouse gas trading, including lessons about the potential differences in design that may be necessary because of the different sources, science, mitigation options, and... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Emissions trading; European Union; U.S. states; Corporate environmentalism; Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10819 |
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| Kruger, Joseph. |
| Much has been written about the economic and environmental performance of U.S. emissions trading programs for "acid rain" (sulfur dioxide) and nitrogen oxides. Less explored have been the unique roles and interactions of environmental regulators and the companies they regulate. I first examine how these roles change the way that regulators and companies operate within their own organizations and with each other. Next, I use examples from U.S. trading programs to illustrate the design and administrative features that allow program administrators and industry to best fulfill their respective roles. Finally, I examine briefly whether these features are present in the EU Emissions Trading System and determine the implications for its effectiveness. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Climate change; Environmental management; Information technology; Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10489 |
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| Kruger, Joseph; Pizer, William A.. |
| The European Union is on the verge of establishing an emissions trading program ten times the size of the Acid Rain trading program in the United States. Its design takes advantage of many lessons from existing experience with trading programs, as well as economic theory, and innovates in important ways. While we view this as an impressive development, concerns about equity, enforcement, and efficiency remain. Specifically, a lack of data and weaker environmental institutions in some EU Member States raises questions about both allowance allocations and compliance and enforcement. Although much attention has focused on whether prices will be "too low" in the first phase of the program, a greater risk is that uncertainty about program elements, technology... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: European Union; Climate change; Emissions trading; Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10679 |
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