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| Pitt, Lawrence; van Kooten, G. Cornelis; Love, Murray; Djilali, Ned. |
| Intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, run-of-river hydro, tidal streams and wave fluxes present interesting challenges when exploited in the production of electricity, which is then integrated into existing and future grids. We focus on wind energy systems because they have an emerging presence, with new installed capacity approaching 8 GW annually. We survey many studies and compile estimates of regulation, load following and unit commitment impacts on utility generating assets with increasing wind penetration. Reliability (system reserve), observed capacity factors and the effective capacity (ability to displace existing generation assets) of wind energy systems are discussed. A simple energy balance model and some results from... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q40; Q55. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37009 |
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