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| Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada; Nowak-Lehmann, Felicitas. |
| This paper applies the gravity trade model to assess Mercosur-European Union trade, and trade potential following the agreements reached recently between both trade blocs. The model is tested for a sample of 20 countries, the four formal members of Mercosur plus Chile and the fifteen members of the European Union. A panel data analysis is used to disentangle the time invariant country-specific effects and to capture the relationships between the relevant variables over time. We find that the fixed effect model is to be preferred to the random effects gravity model. Furthermore, a number of variables, namely, infrastructure, income differences and exchange rates added to the standard gravity equation, are found to be important determinants of bilateral... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Gravity equation; Panel data; Infrastructure; Integration; International Relations/Trade; F14; F15. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43996 |
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| Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada. |
| This paper analyzes the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in developing countries. In this study we treat population as a predictor in the model, instead of assuming a unitary elasticity of emissions with respect to population growth. We contribute to the existing literature by examining the effect of urbanization, taking into account the presence of heterogeneity in the sample of countries and testing for the stability of the estimated elasticities over time. The sample covers the period from 1975 through 2005 for different groups of countries, classified according to their income levels. Our results show that, whereas the impact of population growth on emissions is above unity and only slightly different for upper, middle, and low-income countries,... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: CO2 Emissions; Developing Countries; Panel Data; Population Growth; Urbanization; Q25; Q4; Q54. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37673 |
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| Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada; Bengochea-Morancho, Aurelia; Morales-Lage, Rafael. |
| This paper analyses the impact of population growth on CO2 emissions in European Union countries. Traditionally, researchers have assumed a unitary elasticity of emissions with respect to population growth. In this study population is treated as a predictor in the model, instead of being included as part of the dependent variable (per capita emissions), thus relaxing the above-mentioned assumption of unitary elasticity. We also contribute to the existing literature by taking into account the presence of heterogeneity in the sample and considering a dynamic specification. The sample covers the period 1975- 1999 for the current European Union members. Our results show that the impact of population growth on emissions is more than proportional for recent... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12019 |
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