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| Pitt, Lawrence; van Kooten, G. Cornelis; Love, Murray; Djilali, Ned. |
| Intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, run-of-river hydro, tidal streams and wave fluxes present interesting challenges when exploited in the production of electricity, which is then integrated into existing and future grids. We focus on wind energy systems because they have an emerging presence, with new installed capacity approaching 8 GW annually. We survey many studies and compile estimates of regulation, load following and unit commitment impacts on utility generating assets with increasing wind penetration. Reliability (system reserve), observed capacity factors and the effective capacity (ability to displace existing generation assets) of wind energy systems are discussed. A simple energy balance model and some results from... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q40; Q55. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37009 |
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| Liu, Jia; van Kooten, G. Cornelis; Pitt, Lawrence. |
| As a renewable energy source, wind power is gaining popularity as a favoured alternative to fossil fuel, nuclear and hydro power generation. In Europe, countries are required to achieve 15% of their energy consumption from wind by 2010 as the EU strives to meet its Kyoto obligations. Wind power is considered to be environmentally friendly and low cost. While environmental friendliness has come under scrutiny because wind turbines continue to pose a hazard to birds, are visually unappealing, affect the uses of land and change air flows, the purpose of this paper is to examine the question of its presumed low cost and effectiveness at reducing CO2 emissions by replacing power generated from fossil fuels. To do so, we develop a mathematical programming model... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Renewable energy; Wind and nuclear power; Economics of power generation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C61; Q40; Q54; Q55. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37010 |
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