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| Registros recuperados: 43 | |
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| McIntosh, Craig; de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth. |
| This paper uses data from Uganda's largest incumbent microfinance institution to analyze the impact of entry by competing lenders on client behavior. We first examine the geographic placement decisions of competitors, and find that placement decisions are strongly affected by district-level characteristics. We observe that increased competition induces a decline in repayment performance and in savings deposited with the incumbent Village Bank, suggesting multiple loan-taking by clients. Urban clients take multiple loans primarily from lenders with more individual methodologies, while rural clients borrow from several group lenders. Individuals who operate larger businesses are the ones most likely to leave the incumbent Village Bank when a Solidarity Group... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Microfinance; Competition; Credit markets; Financial Economics; O16; D14; L1. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25073 |
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| de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth. |
| Insufficient access to assets is the main determinant of poverty. We analyze the role of access to assets in explaining household labor allocation strategies, sources of income, levels of income achieved, and poverty headcount ratios among classes of Mexican rural households. To assess the gains from asset redistribution, we both measure the direct income effects from redistribution and simulate the general equilibrium effects of redistribution in a computable non-separable household model. Results show that land redistribution allows to achieve both equity and efficiency gains. However, there are economies of scale in self-employment in microenterprise, human capital assets for labor market participation, and social capital for international migration,... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Consumer/Household Economics; Food Security and Poverty. |
| Ano: 1996 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25121 |
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| de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth. |
| Temptation for tenants to under-report output levels under share contracts is undoubtedly high. There is evidence that theft of product occurs and that this affects the design of share contracts. In this case, the optimal output share is chosen to not only induce effort but also to reduce theft of product, while meeting the landlord's limited liability obligation. The tenant's share thus rises with his desire and ability to steal. The optimal contract allows both residual inefficiency in the provision of effort and residual cheating. This contract is also modified by process utility in cheating, ability of the landlord to supervise, risk of revenge with abusive surveillance, and switch to products less prone to theft. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Sharecropping; Cheating; Agrarian contract; Farm Management; Labor and Human Capital; D82; Q15; O17. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25119 |
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| Raymond, Melanie; Sadoulet, Elisabeth. |
| Cash transfers can help poor families to meet the costs associated with sending their children to school. Demand constraints are a major impediment to schooling attainment in rural areas. Educational grants can contribute to raise schooling attainment in rural areas and thereby to close the gap between educational levels in rural areas and national levels. In 1997, the Mexican government initiated such a program of cash transfers, called PROGRESA, targeted to children living in poor and extremely poor rural regions. The present work shows that the program effectively retains children in school leading to important gains in schooling attainment. The grants succeed at lowering the drop out rates by 30-45\% for the eligible grades of primary and secondary... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20585 |
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| Godtland, Erin; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; de Janvry, Alain; Murgai, Rinku. |
| In the Northern Andes, one of the riskiest agriculture climates in the world, farmers use sharecropping to obtain seed, their most costly input. With survey data from Peru, this paper calculates that the cost of seed, when it is provided though sharecropping, is two times higher than the market price. We test the hypothesis that risk-averse farmers are willing to pay more to receive seed through sharecropping because the contract provides implicit crop insurance. |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20589 |
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| Alix-Garcia, Jennifer Marie; de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth. |
| In this paper we consider different strategies for implementing a payment for environmental services (PES) program to mitigate deforestation in Mexican common property forests (ejidos). We begin by discussing the policy context within which PES programs find themselves, highlighting other possible interventions to help preserve environmental amenities in Mexico. We then discuss some basic principles of environmental payment schemes, formalizing these into three that we simulate: payment of the opportunity cost for forests at risks; payment for environmental benefits provided by forests at risk; a flat payment scheme with a cap on allowable hectares, similar to the type of program often applied in developing countries; and a program of opportunity cost... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20421 |
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| de Janvry, Alain; Finan, Frederico; Sadoulet, Elisabeth. |
| Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs for education are known to be effective in increasing educational achievements among the rural poor. Using panel data from the Progresa experience with randomized treatment, we show that there is strong state dependence in school attendance. Short term shocks that take children out of school will consequently have long term consequences on their educational achievements. We show that idiosyncratic and covariate shocks do indeed push parents to take children out of school and to use child labor as risk coping instruments. However, CCT help protect children from these shocks, creating an additional benefit from these programs as effective safety nets with long term benefits. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25075 |
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| Sadoulet, Elisabeth; de Janvry, Alain. |
| Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have become extensively used to induce poor parents to increase their investments in the human capital of their children. The condition on school attendance and use of health facilities transforms the transfer into a price effect on the condition. Justification for the condition is to reduce market failures due to positive externalities from investments in human capital, while transferring money to the poor. To be efficient, CCT programs thus need to successfully implement three rules. The first is a rule to select the poor. The other two are rules of eligibility among the poor and of calibration of transfers, particularly if budgets are insufficient to offer large universal transfers to all the poor. Using the case... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25009 |
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| de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Winters, Paul C.; Murgai, Rinku. |
| The practice of mutual insurance is conditioned by two types of transaction costs: "association" costs in establishing links with insurance partners and "extraction" costs in using these links to implement insurance transfers. Data on insurance-motivated water exchanges among households along two irrigation canals in Pakistan show that households exchange bilaterally with neighbors and family members but the majority exchange with members of tightly knit clusters. We, therefore, develop a model that endogenizes both cluster formation and the quality of insurance in the chosen cluster as a function of the relative importance of association and extraction costs. Full insurance at the community level, the object of most empirical tests of mutual insurance, is... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Mutual insurance; Transaction costs; Clusters; Risk and Uncertainty. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12905 |
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| Macours, Karen; de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth. |
| This paper analyzes the effects of insecure property rights over land on the functioning of the land rental market in the Dominican Republic. It shows that insecurity of property rights not only reduces sharply the level of activity on the land rental market, but also causes market segmentation. A principal-agent framework is used to model the landlord's utility maximization, where he takes into account the risk of losing the land when it is not traded within a narrow local circle of confidence. Using data collected with a methodology that enables to characterize the entire market, we show that insecure property rights lead to matching in the tenancy market along socio-economic lines and hence severely limit access to land for the rural poor. Simulations... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Land Economics/Use. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25092 |
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| de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth. |
| While the effects of NAFTA will not be known for quite sometime, an early appraisal can be made (1) using an econometric decomposition of trade patterns with and without the agreement and (2) assessing NAFTA as a learning process. Results show that the Agreement helped increase Mexican imports from the U.S. when Mexican incomes were rising and helped prevent a further fall in imports when incomes were falling. As a learning process, the most promising aspect of the Agreement is reliance on tri-national civil society as the warrant of implementation of the clauses of the agreement and of each country's labor and environmental laws. This is inducing the active participation of a thickening web of corporatist and non-governmental organizations that cut... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 1997 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25089 |
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| de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Zhu, Nong. |
| China's record in reducing rural poverty has been nothing short of spectacular and should be a source of lessons for other countries. Rural poverty reduction is generally sought in the role of agriculture in contributing to farm incomes. However, non-farm employment in rural areas can also be a major contributor. Using detailed household survey data from Hubei province, we simulate the counterfactual of what rural households' incomes, poverty, and inequality would be in the absence of access to non-farm sources of income. Results show that, without non-farm employment, rural poverty would be much higher and deeper, and that income inequality would be higher as well. We find that education, proximity to town, neighborhood effects, and village effects are... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Non-farm income; Inequality; Poverty; China; Consumer/Household Economics; Food Security and Poverty; D63; O15; Q12. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25043 |
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| Registros recuperados: 43 | |
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