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| Registros recuperados: 17 | |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| The demographic transition changes the age composition of a population, affecting resource allocations at the household and aggregate level. If age profiles of income, consumption, savings and investments were stable and estimable for the entire population, they might suggest how the demographic transition would affects inputs to growth. However, existing macro and micro simulations are estimated from unrepresentative samples of wage earners that do not distinguish sex, schooling, etc. The “demographic dividend” is better evaluated through case studies of household surveys and long-run social experiments. Matlab, Bangladesh, extended a family planning and maternal and child health program to half the villages in its district in 1977, and recorded... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Fertility decline; Demographic transition; Intergenerational transfers; Gender; Consumer/Household Economics; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; J13; J21; J68; O15. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54534 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Education, child nutrition, adult health/nutrition, and labor mobility are critical factors in achieving recent sustained growth in factor productivity. To compare the contribution of these four human capital inputs, as expanded specification of the wage function is estimated from household (LSMS) surveys of The Ivory Coast and Ghana. Specification tests assess whether the human capital inputs are exogenous, and instrumental variable techniques are used to estimate the wage function. Smaller panels from the Ivory Coast imply the magnitude of measurement error in the human capital inputs and provide more efficient instruments to estimate the wage equation. The conclusion emerges that weight-for-height and height are endogenous, particularly prone to... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Endogenous human capital returns; Health; Migration; Schooling; Africa; Physical stature; Labor and Human Capital; J24; I12; O15; J31. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28533 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| This paper assesses how the Programa Nacional de Educacion, Salud, y Alimentacion (PROGRESA) program has affected the school enrollment of Mexican youth in the first 15 months of its operation. PROGRESA provides poor mothers in poor rural communities with education grants, if their children attend school regularly. Enrollment rates are compared between groups of poor children who reside in communities randomly selected to participate in the initial phase of the PROGRESA program and those who reside in other comparably poor (control) communities. Preprogram comparisons document how well the randomized design is implemented, and double-differenced estimators are reported over time within this panel of children. Probit models are then estimated for the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; Labor and Human Capital. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16409 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Rural elderly have 40% of the income of those in urban areas, spend a larger share of their income on food, are in worse health, work later into their lives, and depend more on their children, lacking pensions and public services. The birth quota since 1980 has particularly restricted the childbearing of rural less educated women, who now face retirement with fewer children for support. Inequality in China is also be traced to increasing returns to schooling , especially beyond secondary school. Government restrictions on rural-urban migration reduces national efficiency, adds to the urban-rural wage gap, and increases inequality. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Human capital returns; Rural-urban migration; Elderly poverty; China; Labor and Human Capital; J13; J24; J14. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28437 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| The literature evaluating population and health policies is in flux, with many disciplines exploring biological and behavioral linkages from fetal development to chronic disease, disability, and late life mortality. The focus here is on research methods, findings, and questions that economists can clarify regarding the causal relationships between economic development, health outcomes, and reproductive behavior, which operate in many directions. The connection between conditions under which people live and their expected life span and health status refer to “health production functions”. The relationships between an individual’s stock of health and productivity, well being, and life span encompasses the “returns to health human capital”. The control of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Health; Fertility and Family Planning; Biology of Health Human Capital; Economic Development; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Public Economics; D13; I18; J13; O12. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52224 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| The associations between fertility and outcomes in the family and society have been treated as causal, but this is inaccurate if fertility is a choice coordinated by families with other life-cycle decisions, including labour supply of mothers and children, child human capital, and savings. Estimating how exogenous changes in fertility that are uncorrelated with preferences or constraints affect others depends on our specifying a valid instrumental variable for fertility. Twins have served as such an instrument and confirm that the cross-effects of fertility estimated on the basis of this instrument are smaller in absolute value than their associations. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Fertility Determination; Malthus; Household Demands; Fertility Effects; Labor and Human Capital; D13; J13; N30; O15. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10119 |
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| Rosenzweig, Mark R.; Schultz, T. Paul. |
| In this paper, we describe and utilize methods to estimate the consequences for children's schooling and birthweight of the exogenous variability in the supply of births in one low income country, Malaysia. The method utilizes information on contraceptive techniques employed by couples to estimate directly the technology of reproduction and provides a means of disentangling the biological and demand factors that contribute to the variation in fertility across couples under a regime of imperfect fertility control. Our results suggest that imperfect fertility control significantly influences both the average schooling attainment and birthweight of children in Malaysia, with couples having above-average propensities to conceive reporting higher levels of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital. |
| Ano: 1987 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7513 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Economic explanations for the fertility transition focus on the role of returns to schooling, especially for women, which have encouraged women to obtain more education and facilitated the rise in womens wages relative to mens. The private opportunity costs of children have therefore increased, and parents have been motivated to substitute child schooling for additional births Declines in fertility have proceeded unevenly, first across the high income countries, and more recently across the low income countries. The cross sectional differentials in fertility are also frequently analyzed in household surveys, suggesting parallels with the cross-country comparisons. At an aggregate level, states have simultaneously legislated socialized support for the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Fertility transition; Womens schooling; Womens wages; Child mortality; Labor and Human Capital; D19; J10; J13; N30. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28471 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul; Joshi, Shareen. |
| The paper analyzes 141 villages in Matlab, Bangladesh from 1974 to 1996, in which half the villages received from 1977 to 1996 a door-to-door outreach family planning and maternal-child health program. Village and individual data confirm a decline in fertility of about 15 percent in the program villages compared with the control villages by 1982, as others have noted, which persists until 1996. The consequences of the program on a series of long run family welfare outcomes are then estimated in addition to fertility: women's health, earnings and household assets, use of preventive health inputs, and finally the inter-generational effects on the health and schooling of the woman's children. Within two decades many of these indicators of the welfare of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Health Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28506 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Life cycle savings is proposed as one explanation for much of the increase in savings and economic growth in Asia. The association between the age composition of a nations population and its savings rate, observed within 16 Asian countries from 1952 to 1992, is reestimated here to be less than a quarter the size reported in a seminal study, which assumed lagged savings is exogenous. Specification tests as well as common sense imply, moreover, that lagged savings is likely to be endogenous, and when estimated accordingly there remains no significant dependence of savings on the age composition, measured in several ways. Research should consider lifetime savings as a substitute for children, and model the causes for the decline in fertility which changes... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Life cycle savings; Aging; Asian growth; Demographic transition; Financial Economics; D91; J11; O11; O53. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28409 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| A consensus has been forged in the last decade that recent periods of sustained growth in total factor productivity and reduced poverty are closely associated with improvements in a populations child nutrition, adult health, and schooling, particularly in low-income countries. Estimates of the productive returns from these three forms of human capital investment are nonetheless qualified by a number of limitations in our data and analytical methods. This paper reviews the problems that occupy researchers in this field and summarizes accumulating evidence of empirical regularities. Social experiments must be designed to assess how randomized policy interventions motivate families and individuals to invest in human capital, and then measure the changed wage... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Health; Productivity; Human capital; Schooling; Returns; Labor and Human Capital; J24; I12; I21. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28475 |
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| Mete, Cem; Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Estimates are reported of the consequences of health on participation in the labor force of elderly men and women in Taiwan from 1989 to 1996. Three survey indicators of individual health are examined, and two are estimated by instrumental variables (IV), using as instruments parent longevity, birthplace, and childhood conditions. IV estimates of healths effect on participation are in most cases significant and always positive, and about twice the magnitude of the ordinary least squares estimates, and the hypothesis that health is exogenous and measured without error is rejected. Implementation in 1995 of a National Health Insurance (NHI) shifted to the state the growing cost of elderly health care, and reduced the incentive for elderly to work to receive... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Labor force participation; Elderly; Health status; National Health Insurance; Taiwan; Labor and Human Capital; J22; J26; I10; I18. |
| Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28470 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| This paper assesses the empirical relationship between the liberalization of international trade and the economic status of women. Although historically globalization is not generally linked to the advancement of women, several recent country studies find export led growth in middle and low income countries is associated with improvements in womens employment opportunities. Does intercountry empirical evidence confirm this association across a wider range of countries, and suggest the mechanisms by which it operates? Measures of wages for men and women are an unreliable basis for study of gender inequality in many low-income countries, and thus schooling and health are analyzed here as indicators of productivity and welfare and gender gaps. For a... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade; Labor and Human Capital. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28430 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Wage-differentials by education of men and women are examined from African household surveys to suggest private wage returns to schooling. It is commonly asserted that returns are highest at primary school levels and decrease at secondary and postsecondary levels, whereas private returns in six African countries are today highest at the secondary and post secondary levels, and rates are similar for women as for men. The large public subsidies for postsecondary education in Africa, therefore, are not needed to motivate students to enroll, and those who have in the past enrolled in these levels of education are disproportionately from the better-educated families. Higher education in Africa could be more efficient and more equitably distributed if the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Africa; Wage returns to schooling; Inequality; HIV; AIDS; Labor and Human Capital; 015; 055; J31; J24. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28481 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Various household survey indicators of adult nutrition and health status are analyzed as determinants of individual wages. However, survey indicators of health status may be heterogeneous, or a combination of health human capital formed by investment behavior and variation due to genotype, random shocks, and measurement error, which are uncontrolled by behavior. Although there are no definitive methods for distinguishing between human capital and genetic variation in health outcomes, alternative mappings of health status, such as height, on community health services, parent socioeconomic characteristics, and ethnic categories may be suggestive. Instrumental variable estimates of health human capital and residual sources of variation in measured health... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Health human capital; Wage productivity; Brazil; Ghana; Cote DIvoire; Health Economics and Policy; I12; J24; O12. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28532 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| There is an inverse association between income per adult and fertility among countries, and across households this inverse association is also often observed. Many studies find fertility is lower among better educated women and is often higher among women whose families own more land and assets. What do we know about the social consequences of events and policies that change fertility, if they are independent of parent preferences for children or the economic conditions which account for much of the variation in parent lifetime fertility? These effects of exogenous fertility change on the health and welfare of children can are assessed from Kenyan household survey data by analysis of the consequences of twins, and the effect of avoiding unanticipated... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Sources of fertility decline; Twins; Child health; Kenya; Labor and Human Capital; J13; I32; I12. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28500 |
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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their fertility and expect to improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of policy-induced changes in fertility on the welfare of women, such as policies that subsidize the diffusion and use of best practice birth control technologies. Evaluation of the consequences of such family planning programs almost never assess their long-run consequences, such as on labor supply, savings, or investment in the human capital of children, although they occasionally estimate the short-run association with the adoption of contraception or age-specific fertility. The dearth of long-run family planning experiments has led economists to consider instrumental... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Consequences of Fertility Decline; Child Quality; Evaluation of Population Policies; Labor and Human Capital; J13; J24; O15. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10120 |
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| Registros recuperados: 17 | |
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