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New human case reports of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi in the Amazon region, Brazil Acta Amazonica
FIGUEIRA,Luanda de Paula; SOARES,Fabiane Veloso; JÚNIOR,Roberto Daibes NAIFF; VINHOTE-SILVA,Alana Cristina; SILVA,Susi Simas da; ESPIR,Thaís Tibery; NAIFF,Maricleide de Farias; GOMES,Luis Henrique Monteiro; MOREIRA,Flávia Regina Almeida Campos Naief; FRANCO,Antonia Maria Ramos.
ABSTRACT Few cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania naiffi were described in the medical literature. The aim of this study was to report and analyze new cases of L. naiffi in the period between the years 1992 to 2011. The strains were characterized by isoenzyme analysis. All patients assisted had small lesions; ranging from 1.0x1.0 mm and 13.5x11.5 mm. The lesions observed were widely distributed: 55.5% on the lower limb, 5.5% in the abdominal area, 16.6% on upper limb and 22.2% in upper limb and back. Seventy-two percent of patients had ulcerated lesions. Clinical course of the disease varied from 1 to 10 months. According to gender, most infected individuals were men (83.3%). The patients came from Amazonas (10), Pará (01) and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis; Leishmania naiffi; Characterization; Experimental stations; Lutzomyia.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0044-59672017000100047
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Caracterização morfológica de plantas de rambutan - DOI: 10.4025/actasciagron.v31i4.890 Agronomy
Andrade, Renata Aparecida de; UNESP - Jaboticabal/SP; Lemos, Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo; UNESP - Jaboticabal/SP; Martins, Antonio Baldo Geraldo; UNESP - Jaboticabal/SP; Paula, Rinaldo César de; UNESP - Jaboticabal/SP.
Em certas espécies vegetais, a distinção entre variedades pode ser realizada com base em aspectos morfológicos das plantas, o que permite a identificação mesmo quando não apresentam flores e/ou frutos. Diante disso, realizou-se o presente trabalho cujo objetivo foi a caracterização morfológica e o agrupamento de plantas de rambutan. Foram avaliados: altura da planta (cm), diâmetro e geometria da copa (entre linhas e entre plantas, em cm), diâmetro do tronco (cm) e disposição dos ramos no tronco, tamanho de folhas e folíolos (comprimento e largura, em cm), número de folíolos, comprimento da ráquis (cm), comprimento do pecíolo (cm), área foliar (cm2), vigor das plantas, sensibilidade ao frio, formato dos folíolos, pilosidade, coloração dos folíolos (faces...
Palavras-chave: 5.01.03.04-0 Produção de Mudas Nephelium lappaceum; Morfologia; Caracterização fitotecnia Nephelium lappaceum; Morphology; Characterization.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciAgron/article/view/890
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Evaluation of a simplified key for the identification of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolated from bovine mastitis - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i4.6276 Biological Sciences
Costa, Geraldo Márcio da; UFLA; Paiva, Luciano Vilela; UFLA; Piccoli, Roberta Hilsdorf; Universidade Federal de Lavras; Figueiredo, Demétrio Junqueira; Universidade Federal de Lavras; Pereira, Ulisses de Pádua; UFLA; Silva, Nivaldo da; EV-UFMG.
Evaluation of a simplified key for the identification of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolated from bovine mastitis. Three hundred fourty four strains of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS), isolated from mastitis cases, underwent phenotypic and genotypic tests to evaluate the efficiency of a simplified key, based on phenotypic tests for the discrimination of these microorganisms. The tests consisted of amplification of the femA gene and hemolysis in blood agar, production of acetoin and fermentation of maltose, mannitol and trehalose. Strains that showed negative results in the amplification test of the femA gene or that were not identified as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by phenotypic tests were tested with the APISTAPH kit...
Tipo: Pesquisa laboratorial Palavras-chave: 5.05.02.03-4 mastitis pathogens; Characterization; Coagulase test; PCR; Biochemical tests Doenças Infecciosas dos Animais mastitis pathogens; Characterization; Coagulase test; PCR; Biochemical tests.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciBiolSci/article/view/6276
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Influence of environment on the leaf morpho-anatomy and histochemical of the ayahuasca leaf: Populations cultivated in extra-Amazonian regions Biological Sciences
Miranda, Ordilena Ferreira de; de Souza, Saulo Eduardo Xavier Franco; Milan, Rodrigo José; Bueno, Aline Borges; Almeida, Marcilio de.
Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. (Rubiaceae) occurs naturally throughout the Amazon and it is traditionally used by indigenous communities, being incorporated into religious use in urban contexts over the last few decades. It is known and cultivated in many regions of South America for possessing valuable bioactive alkaloids. In this paper, we described P. viridis leaf morphology, anatomy and histochemistry from three populations cultivated in the southeastern Brazil, in order to identify possible adaptations to local environment and management. All plants presented terminal stipules and basic morpho-anatomical patterns of leaves, consistent with most species of the genus, as heterogeneous dorsiventral mesophyll, uniseriate epidermis, presents large...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Characterization; Alkaloid; Trichomes; Glandular duct; Domatia. characterization; Alkaloid; Trichomes; Secretory duct; Domatia..
Ano: 2020 URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciBiolSci/article/view/50369
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Petroleum biodegrading and co-resistance to antibiotics by Serratia marcescens strain isolated in Coari, Amazonas Biological Sciences
Peixoto, Ferdyanne Beatriz Sabóia; Peixoto, Jean Charles da Cunha; Assunção, Enedina Nogueira de; Peixoto, Elise Miranda; Pereira, José Odair; Astolfi-Filho, Spartaco.
Serratia marcescens is a Gram-negative bacillus, anaerobic facultative belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. S. marcescens strains are able to grow in the presence of different xenobiotic compounds, among them, petroleum and heavy metals. Xenobiotic resistant strains develop concomitant resistance to multiple antibiotics, referred to as co-resistance. The AMS212 strain was submitted to the microplate qualitative DCPIP - redox 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol method. The quantitative test was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks, followed by the change of color with the absorbance readings, trough the colorimetric method. The antibiotic resistance profile was evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer method. In the qualitative assay, the AMS212 strain altered the color...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Microbiologia 2.12.00.00-9 biodegradation; Characterization; DCPIP; Antimicrobial resistance. Microbiologia.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciBiolSci/article/view/36223
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PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM EGUSI (CITRULLUS LANATUS) VEGETABLE OIL CIGR Journal
I., Manta H.; D., James D.; I., Awu J..
Green house effect and ozone layer depletion due continuous environmental pollution from fossil fuel has speed up the quest for search of alternative energy fuel. In recent year, biofouls has attracted much attention as a reliable substitute to fossil fuel. The objective of this study was to evaluate and characterize biofuel produced from Egusi vegetable oil by applying standard method of transesterification. This study was carried out at Processing and Storage Engineering Departmental (PSED) laboratory of National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. The results of the proximate characterization of the produced Egusi vegetable oil shows crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, moisture content, ash content and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Egusi Vegetable Oil; Characterization; Transesterification; Methyl Esters; Biofuel.
Ano: 2021 URL: http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/6205
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Characterization of Capsicum germplasm collected in Northwestern Argentina based on morphological and quality traits Agriscientia (Córdoba)
Occhiuto,P.N; Peralta,I.E; Asprelli,P.D; Galmarini,C.R.
Paprika production is concentrated in Northwestern Argentina, where around 1500 ha are annually grown. Farmers mainly from Andean valleys, maintain their local landraces or “criollas” under different environmental conditions, using their farming traditions and selection criteria. These traditional varieties represent valuable genetic resources for conservation and selection of agronomical and quality traits. Between 2005 and 2007 eight collecting trips were made to Northwestern Argentina in order to recover local germplasm. As a result, five hundred new vegetable seed samples have been incorporated into the Germplasm Bank. Among these accessions 32 belong to Capsicum, the majority for paprika production, that were evaluated in field...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Capsicum annuum; C. baccatum; Germplasm; Characterization; Pungency; Pre-breeding.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-298X2014000200002
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A Novel Porous Diamond - Titanium Biomaterial: Structure, Microstructure, Physico-Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility Anais da ABC (AABC)
GUIMARÃES,ZULMIRA A.S.; DAMATTA,RENATO A.; GUIMARÃES,RENAN S.; FILGUEIRA,MARCELLO.
ABSTRACT With the aim of introducing permanent prostheses with main properties equivalent to cortical human bone, Ti-diamond composites were processed through powder metallurgy. Grade 1 titanium and mixtures of Ti powder with 2%, 5% and 10 wt% diamond were compacted at 100MPa, and then sintered at 1250°C/2hr/10-6mbar. Sintered samples were studied in the point of view of their microstructures, structures, yield strength and elastic modulus. The results showed that the best addition of diamonds was 2 wt%, which led to a uniform porosity, yield strength of 370MPa and elastic modulus of 13.9 GPa. Samples of Ti and Ti-2% diamond were subjected to in vitro cytotoxicity test, using cultures of VERO cells, and it resulted in a biocompatible and nontoxic composite...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Biomaterials; Titanium; Diamond; Sintering; Characterization; Biocompatibility..
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652017000603111
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Characterization of granite and limestone powders for use as fillers in bituminous mastics dosage Anais da ABC (AABC)
BARRA,BRENO; MOMM,LETO; GUERRERO,YADER; BERNUCCI,LIEDI.
This paper discusses the importance of studies on materials known as fillers from different mineral origins, used in asphalt mixes, specifically in the formulation of mastics. The research was carried out on samples of limestone and granite rock filler and asphalt binder (50/70). The samples were evaluated through semiquantitative chemical analyses by X-ray fluorescence, granulometry by low angle laser emission, scanning electron microscopy, softening point tests, penetration tests, and aggregate-asphalt binder and aggregate-mastic adhesion tests. The results highlighted convergent trends, indicating that the active behavior of the fillers in the mastic formulation is not related to the size of the particles, but rather to their form, surface texture,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Characterization; Fillers; Granite; Limestone; Bituminous mastics.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652014000200995
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The effect of precursors salts on surface state of Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts Anais da ABC (AABC)
Guimarães,André L.; Dieguez,Lídia C.; Schmal,Martin.
The influence of the precursors on the promoting effect of ceria on Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, when ceria is coated over alumina was studied. The reaction of propane oxidation proceeded under different feed conditions and the surface active sites were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and in situ diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). XPS and DRS results show that PdO/Pd0 interface are the active sites independent of the precursor, while the catalysts containing CeO2 showed formation of palladium species in the highest oxidation state, probably PdO2 (338 eV) after the oxidation of propane. Besides, the O/Al and O/Ce ratios evidenced the increase of oxygen storage in the presence of CeO2. In addition, the precursor acetylacetonate favors the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Palladium; Cerium oxide; Precursors; Characterization.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652004000400014
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A weighted negative binomial Lindley distribution with applications to dispersed data Anais da ABC (AABC)
BAKOUCH,HASSAN S.
Abstract A new discrete distribution is introduced. The distribution involves the negative binomial and size biased negative binomial distributions as sub-models among others and it is a weighted version of the two parameter discrete Lindley distribution. The distribution has various interesting properties, such as bathtub shape hazard function along with increasing/decreasing hazard rate, positive skewness, symmetric behavior, and over- and under-dispersion. Moreover, it is self decomposable and infinitely divisible, which makes the proposed distribution well suited for count data modeling. Other properties are investigated, including probability generating function, ordinary moments, factorial moments, negative moments and characterization. Estimation of...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Characterization; Discrete distributions; Estimation; Vuong test statistic; Mixture distributions; Thunderstorms data.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652018000602617
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Detection, purification and characterization of a lectin from freshwater green algae Spirogyra spp. Anais da ABC (AABC)
OLIVEIRA,ANTÔNIA S. DE; LÓSSIO,CLÁUDIA F.; RANGEL,ANNE J.; MARTINS,MARIA G.Q.; NASCIMENTO,FERNANDO E.P. DO; ANDRADE,MARIA L.L. DE; CAVADA,BENILDO S.; LACERDA,SÍRLEIS R.; NASCIMENTO,KYRIA S. DO.
ABSTRACT Freshwater algae are rich sources of structurally biologically active metabolites, such as fatty acids, steroids, carotenoids and polysaccharides. Among these metabolites, lectins stand out. Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin which bind to carbohydrates or glycoconjugates, without changing ligand structure. Many studies have reported on the use of Spirogyra spp. as effective bioindicators of heavy metals; however, reports on Spirogyra molecular bioprospecting are quite limited. Therefore, this study aimed to detect, isolate, purify and characterize a lectin present in the freshwater green algae Spirogyra. Presence of the lectin protein in the extract was detected by hemagglutination assays. Subsequently, the protein extract...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Algae; Characterization; Lectin; Purification.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652017000502113
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Towards an atomic level understanding of niobia based catalysts and catalysis by combining the science of catalysis with surface science Anais da ABC (AABC)
Schmal,Martin; Freund,Hans-Joachim.
The science of catalysis and surface science have developed, independently, key information for understanding catalytic processes. One might argue: is there anything fundamental to be discovered through the interplay between catalysis and surface science? Real catalysts of monometallic and bimetallic Co/Nb2O5 and Pd-Co/Nb2O5 catalysts showed interesting selectivity results on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (Noronha et al. 1996, Rosenir et al. 1993). The presence of a noble metal increased the C+5 selectivity and decreased the methane formation depending of the reduction temperature. Model catalyst of Co-Pd supported on niobia and alumina were prepared and characterized at the atomic level, thus forming the basis for a comparison with "real" support...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Catalysis; Model catalysts; Cobalt; Palladium; Characterization; Niobia.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652009000200016
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Production, purification and characterization of an exo-polygalacturonase from Penicillium janthinellum sw09 Anais da ABC (AABC)
MA,YUPING; SUN,SIWEN; HAO,HUI; XU,CHUNPING.
ABSTRACT A soil isolate, Penicillium janthinellum sw09 has been found to produce significant amounts of an extracellular pectinase subsequently characterized as exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG). By optimizing growth conditions, P. janthinellum sw09 produced high amount of exo-PG (16.54 units/mL). The crude enzyme was purified by gel filtration chromatography and two exo-PG activity peaks (designated as PGI and PGII) were revealed. On SDS-PAGE analysis, purified PGII using DEAE-Sepharose FF column, was found to be a single band with a molecular mass of 66.2 kDa. The purified PGII exhibited maximal activity at the temperature of 45 oC and pH 5.0. The stability profiles show that PGII is more stable in the pH range of 4.0-8.0 and below 60 oC. The Km and Vmax...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Penicillium janthinellum; Polygalacturonase; Purification; Characterization.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652016000200479
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Isolation and genetic stability of an infectious bronchitis virus strain (IBV) Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.
Pereira,C.G.; Saraiva,G.L.; Santos,M.R.; Assao,V.S.; Fietto,J.L.R.; Bressan,G.C.; Almeida,M.R.; Moreira,M.A.S.; Silva Júnior,A..
RESUMO O vírus da bronquite infecciosa (IBV) é um importante patógeno respiratório presente na avicultura comercial e tem provocado grandes perdas econômicas em todo o mundo. A vacinação é realizada pela indústria produtora de aves, mas continuam surgindo novos sorotipos e variações antigênicas, dificultando o controle de IBV. Nós realizamos uma caracterização molecular de uma cepa de IBV obtida diretamente de tecidos e comparamos com a mesma cepa que havia sido passada três vezes em ovo embrionado. Nós mostramos uma variação significante na sequência viral depois de ter sido isolada em ovo embrionado.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Infectious bronchitis virus; Isolation; Characterization; Stability.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-09352018000401333
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Microbial Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Polyester Copolymers from Burkholderia Cepacia and Cupriavidus Necator Strains Using Crude Glycerol as Substrate BABT
Rodrigues,Plínio Ribeiro; Silvério,Tatiane Aparecida Barroso; Druzian,Janice Izabel.
Abstract Polymers are materials of pronounced importance in the modern world, since they are massively present in everyday life, especially in the form of packaging. However, most of these materials are derived from non-renewable sources and their disposal generates large volumes of waste, which is extremely damaging to natural environments. In this context, microbial biopolymers appear as a powerful alternative in the substitution of several applications of synthetic plastics, causing less harm to the environment, as they are biodegradable and produced from renewable sources. In this study, evaluation and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced by Cupriavidus necator (IPT 026 and IPT 027) and Burkholderia cepacia (IPT 119 and IPT 400),...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Crude glycerol; Biosynthesis; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Characterization.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132019000100209
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Characterization Of A Novel Hydrolytic Enzyme Producing Thermophilic Bacterium Isolated From The Hot Spring Of Azad Kashmir-Pakistan BABT
Zahoor,Sana; Javed,Muhammad Mohsin; Babarl,Masroor Ellahi.
ABSTRACT A thermophilic bacterium (TP-2) was isolated from the Tatta Pani hot spring in Azad Kashmir and was characterized using phenotypic and genotypic characters. The strain developed cream colored, round, smooth, flat and slimy colonies while the cells were Gram positive rods that ranged in size from about 2.1-3.6 μm to 0.2-0.3 μm in width. Sequence analysis of its 16S rRNA gene showed that isolate TP-2 had 89% homology with Geobacillus debilis. It grew within pH range of 5.5 to 8.5 with optimum growth at pH 7.0. The isolate showed optimum growth at 65ºC and gave positive results for gelatin hydrolysis (GEL), ortho nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranosidase (ONPG), and nitrate production and produced acid from sucrose, glucose and maltose. It utilized...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Tatta Pani; Characterization; Enzyme production; Geobacillus.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132016000100338
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Characterization of the penicillin G acylase from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14945 BABT
Souza,Vanessa Ribeiro de; Silva,Ana C. G.; Pinotti,Laura Marina; Araújo,Heloísa Sobreiro Selistre; Giordano,Raquel de Lima Camargo.
The purpose of this work was to characterize the enzyme penicillin G acylase (PGA) produced by Bacillus megaterium. Purification of the enzyme by ultra/diafiltration did not allow the detection of the PGA band by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis due to the high content of remaining proteins. However, using the DNA of the microorganism, it was possible to replicate the genes of the two B. megaterium PGA reported in literature, showing that the enzyme consisted of two sub-units, having 245 and 537 amino acids each and an average molecular mass of 26950 and 59070 Da, respectively. The parameters studied were: 1) the influence of temperature in the 25-60(0)C range, 2) pH in the 5-10 range and 3) substrate concentration, this was tested to obtain results on the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Penicillin G acylase; Bacillus megaterium; Characterization.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132005000400013
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The effect of pH on bromelain partition from Ananas comosus by PEG4000/phosphate ATPS BABT
Ferreira,Juliana Ferrari; Santana,José Carlos Curvelo; Tambourgi,Elias Basile.
In this work, the thermodynamic equilibrium and applying of PEG4000/Phosphate ATPS on the purification of bromelain extracted from pineapple was studied. A rigorous study of the equilibrium curves and tie-line length from PEG4000/phosphate ATPS were done for the pH 6-11 at 25ºC. Results showed that there was augment in the PEG and salt contents with the high pH value from PEG4000/Phosphate ATPS and two-phase formation needed only increasing the PEG content. Two tie-line length at pH 11 from PEG4000/Phosphate ATPS were optimal condition for bromelain purification, one on composition of 14% PEG and 13% salt and other at 12.6% PEG and 12.2% salt, while a 25-62 folds of enzyme was found. SDS-PAGE electrophoreses had one band only, which showed that bromelain...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Bromelain; Aqueous two-phase systems; Partitioning; Characterization; Pineapple.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132011000100017
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Extraction of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia by PEG/Phosphate ATPS and its biochemical characterization BABT
Padilha,Giovana da Silva; Santana,José Carlos Curvelo; Alegre,Ranulfo Monte; Tambourgi,Elias Basile.
This work aimed to study the partitioning of a lipase produced by Burkholderia cepacia in PEG/Phosphate aqueous two phase system (ATPS) and its characterization. Lipase was produced by B. cepacia strains in a fermenter. Enzyme partitioning occurred at pH 6.0 and 8.0, using PEG 1500 and 6000 on two tie lines. Metal ions, pH and temperature effects on enzyme activity were evaluated. Five milliliter of 7.5% olive oil emulsion with 2.5% gumarabic in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 8.0 and 37ºC were used for the activity determinations. Results showed that crude stratum from B. cepacia was partitioned by PEG1500/phosphate ATPS at pH 6.0 or 8.0 for, which the partitioning coefficients were 108-and 209-folds. Lipase presented optimal activity conditions at...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Lipase; Burkholderia cepacia; Aqueous two phase system; Partitioning; Characterization.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132012000100002
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