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Human Capital Productivity, and Labor Allocation in Rural Pakistan AgEcon
Fafchamps, Marcel; Quisumbing, Agnes R..
This paper investigates whether human capital affects the productivity and labor allocation of rural households in four districts of Pakistan. The investigation shows that households with better-educated males earn higher off-farm income and divert labor resources away from farm activities toward nonfarm work. Education has no significant effect on productivity in crop and livestock production. The effect of human capital on household incomes is partly realized through the reallocation of labor from low-productivity activities to nonfarm work. Female education and nutrition do not affect productivity and labor allocation in any systematic fashion, a finding that is consistent with the marginal role women play in market-oriented activities in Pakistan. As a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Female Labor; Income distribution; Gender issues; Labor productivity; Pakistan; Gender; Childcare; Work; Labor and Human Capital; Productivity Analysis.
Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97040
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Features of Urban Food and Nutrition Security and Considerations for Successful Urban Programming AgEcon
Ruel, Marie T.; Garrett, James L..
In this paper we discuss the wide disparities that exist in childhood malnutrition, food insecurity and livelihoods within urban areas which, when combined with the mobility of urban residents, add to the complexity of designing, targeting and implementing urban programmes. Livelihood security in urban areas is dependent on cash income, especially for food expenditures, and hence employment. For women, employment brings about the need for support with childcare; we analyse a programme that provides the double benefit of delivering affordable and reliable childcare for extended hours, and allowing women to secure a more formal employment and obtaining employment benefits. Other factors that need to be considered in shaping urban programmes include land and...
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Urban food security; Food expenditures; Employment; Childcare; Urban programming; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12002
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