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| Zimmerman, Paul R.. |
| This study employs a panel of U.S. state-level data over the years 1978-1997 to estimate the deterrent effect of capital punishment. Particular attention is paid to problems of endogeneity bias arising from the non-random assignment of death penalty laws across states and a simultaneous relationship between murders and the deterrence probabilities. The primary innovation of the analysis lies in the estimation of a simultaneous equations system whose identification is based upon the employment of instrumental variables motivated by the theory of public choice. The estimation results suggest that structural estimates of the deterrent effect of capital punishment are likely to be downward biased due to the influence of simultaneity. Correcting for... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Capital punishment; Deterrence; Executions; Murder; K42; H00. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43889 |
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| Dong, Bin; Torgler, Benno. |
| In this study we explore in detail the causes of corruption in China using two different sets of data at the regional level (provinces and cities). We observe that regions with more anti-corruption efforts, histories of British rule, higher openness, more access to media and relatively higher wages of government employees are markedly less corrupt; while social heterogeneity, regulation, abundance of resource and state-owned enterprises substantially breed regional corruption. Moreover, fiscal decentralization is discovered to depress corruption significantly, while administrative decentralization fosters local corruption. We also find that there is currently a positive relationship between corruption and economic development in China that is mainly driven... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Corruption; China; Government; Decentralization; Deterrence; Social Heterogeneity; Political Economy; D730; H110; K420. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91024 |
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| Ventura,Maurício Ursi; Ito,Márcio. |
| Studies were carried out to determine the antifeedant activity of extracts of leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of Melia azedarach (L.), the dosage activity responses to the most active extract and the effects of sunlight in the activity persistence to Diabrotica speciosa (Genn.) beetles. Extracts efficiency was determined by evaluating leaf consumption. Insect feeding was deterred by stems, fruits and flowers extracts. Flowers and fruits extracts were the most efficient. Stems extract was in an intermediate position between the two most efficient and the least one (leaf extracts). The most active extract (flowers) was sprayed at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 g/100 ml. Feeding of D. speciosa on common bean leaves extracts decreased... |
| Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Insecta; Leaf beetle; Phaeolus vulgaris (L.); Deterrence; Botanical insecticide. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132000000200011 |
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