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| Registros recuperados: 15 | |
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| Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Brown, Gardner M., Jr.. |
| In recent years bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, leading to a decline in the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infectious disease. This paper uses a framework based on an epidemiological model of infection in which antibiotic effectiveness is treated as a nonrenewable resource. In the model presented, bacterial resistance (the converse of effectiveness) develops as a result of selective pressure on nonresistant strains due to antibiotic use. When two antibiotics are available, the optimal proportion and timing of their use depends precisely on the difference between the rates at which bacterial resistance to each antibiotic evolves and on the differences in their pharmaceutical costs. Standard numerical techniques are used... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Antibiotics; Disease; Externality; Livestock Production/Industries; Q3; I1. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10619 |
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| Newell, Richard G.; Pizer, William A.. |
| Using a simple analytical model incorporating benefits of a stock, costs of adjusting the stock, and uncertainty in costs, we uncover several important principles governing the choice of price-based policies (e.g., taxes) relative to quantity-based policies (e.g., tradable permits) for controlling stock externalities. Applied to the problem of greenhouse gases and climate change, we find that a price-based instrument generates several times the expected net benefits of a quantity instrument. As in Weitzman (1974), the relative slopes of the marginal benefits and costs of controlling the externality continue to be critical determinants of the efficiency of prices relative to quantities, with flatter marginal benefits and steeper marginal costs favoring... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Stock; Externality; Regulation; Policy; Uncertainty; Price; Quantity; Tax; Tradable permit; Pollution; Climate change; Greenhouse Gas; Instrument choice; Risk and Uncertainty; Q28; D81; C61. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10471 |
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| Marette, Stephan; Beghin, John C.. |
| We analyze the effects of a domestic standard that reduces an externality associated with the consumption of the good targeted by the standard, using a model in which foreign and domestic producers compete in the domestic good market. Producers can reduce expected damage associated with the externality by incurring a cost that varies by source of origin. Despite potential protectionism, the standard is useful in correcting the consumption externality in the domestic country. Protectionism occurs when the welfare-maximizing domestic standard is higher than the international standard maximizing welfare inclusive of foreign profits. The standard is actually anti-protectionist when foreign producers are much more efficient at addressing the externality than... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Externality; Nontariff barriers; Protectionism; Safety; Standard; Tariff equivalent; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10007 |
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| Varuni, C.N.; Chandrakanth, Mysore G.; Nagaraj, N.; Srikanthmurthy, P.S.. |
| In this study, negative externality due to distillery pollution on agriculture in Kabini command in Nanjanagudu taluk, Mysore District is estimated. The spent wash let in lagoons enables settling heavy metals to infiltrate soils, gradually affecting soil and health. The distillery opened during 1985 and farmers apparently began experiencing the negative externalities due to pollution from 1995. The groundwater extracted for irrigation was the first victim of distillery pollution rendering it unfit even for irrigation purposes. Paddy, sugarcane, Banana, Jowar, Mulberry, Coconut, Ragi are the major crops being grown in this command area. For this study, all the 35 distillery pollution affected farmers in the Distillery Dffluent Polluted Villages (DEPA,... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Sand mining; Externality; Groundwater depletion; Environmental Economics and Policy; Health Economics and Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43622 |
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| Chalak, Morteza; Ruijs, Arjan; Hemerik, Lia; van der Werf, Wopke; van Ierland, Ekko C.. |
| Natural enemies such as herbivores that are introduced to reduce invasive plants can spill over into nature, threaten indigenous species and impose significant costs. We develop a bioeconomic model to analyse the optimal control management strategy of an introduced herbivore that has spilled over from a managed system to a natural area. Cost-effective control strategies are analysed that reduce the spillover effects of herbivores on endangered plants species to reduce the risk of extinction and increase benefits obtained from the ecosystem. We consider two competing indigenous plant species as the representatives of the plant community. Only one of these species is consumed by introduced herbivore. We show that the optimal level of controlling herbivores... |
| Tipo: Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Economics; Biological agent; Externality; Spillover; Control; Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2012 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124374 |
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| McKee, Gregory J.. |
| Changes in production conditions associated with biological invasions can be complex. As a result, modeling invasive species management decisions can be difficult. Modeling these decisions is further compounded by externalities associated with spatial relationships among growers. In order to calculate optimal management decisions, an accurate bioeconomic model of the feedback between grower decisions and the new biological interactions created by an invasive species population is needed. In this paper, a bioeconomic model is used to explicitly analyze how externalities caused by spatial relationships among agricultural producers affect optimal invasive species management decisions. The example of the coordinated greenhouse whitefly management in the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Invasive species; Strawberry; Greenhouse whitefly; Externality; Optimal management.; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23626 |
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| Registros recuperados: 15 | |
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