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| Woolf, D.k.; Shutler, J.d.; Goddijn‐murphy, L.; Watson, A.j.; Chapron, Bertrand; Nightingale, P.d.; Donlon, C.j.; Piskozub, J.; Yelland, M.j.; Ashton, Ian; Holding, T.; Schuster, U.; Girard-ardhuin, Fanny; Grouazel, Antoine; Piolle, Jean-francois; Warren, M.; Wrobel‐niedzwiecka, I.; Land, P.e.; Torres, R.; Prytherch, J.; Moat, B.; Hanafin, J.; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Paul, Frederic. |
| The contemporary air‐sea flux of CO2 is investigated by the use of an air‐sea flux equation, with particular attention to the uncertainties in global values and their origin with respect to that equation. In particular, uncertainties deriving from the transfer velocity and from sparse upper ocean sampling are investigated. Eight formulations of air‐sea gas transfer velocity are used to evaluate the combined standard uncertainty resulting from several sources of error. Depending on expert opinion, a standard uncertainty in transfer velocity of either ~5% or ~10% can be argued and that will contribute a proportional error in air‐sea flux. The limited sampling of upper ocean fCO2 is readily apparent in the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) databases. The effect... |
| Tipo: Text |
Palavras-chave: Carbon dioxide; Air-sea flux; Uncertainty; Transfer velocity; Sampling. |
| Ano: 2019 |
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00513/62450/66754.pdf |
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| Land, Peter E.; Findlay, Helen S.; Shutler, Jamie D.; Ashton, Ian; Holding, Thomas; Grouazel, Antoine; Ardhuin, Fanny; Reul, Nicolas; Piolle, Jean-francois; Chapron, Bertrand; Quilfen, Yves; Bellerby, Richard G.j.; Bhadury, Punyasloke; Salisbury, Joseph; Vandemark, Douglas; Sabia, Roberto. |
| Improving our ability to monitor ocean carbonate chemistry has become a priority as the ocean continues to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This long-term uptake is reducing the ocean pH; a process commonly known as ocean acidification. The use of satellite Earth Observation has not yet been thoroughly explored as an option for routinely observing surface ocean carbonate chemistry, although its potential has been highlighted. We demonstrate the suitability of using empirical algorithms to calculate total alkalinity (AT) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT), assessing the relative performance of satellite, interpolated in situ, and climatology datasets in reproducing the wider spatial patterns of these two variables. Both AT and CT in situ... |
| Tipo: Text |
Palavras-chave: Carbonate chemistry; Earth observation; Ocean acidification; Total alkalinity; Dissolved inorganic carbon; SMOS; Aquarius; CORA; HadGEM2-ES. |
| Ano: 2019 |
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00591/70267/68368.pdf |
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| Watson, Andrew J.; Schuster, Ute; Shutler, Jamie D.; Holding, Thomas; Ashton, Ian; Landschuetzer, Peter; Woolf, David K.; Goddijn-murphy, Lonneke. |
| The ocean is a sink for similar to 25% of the atmospheric CO2 emitted by human activities, an amount in excess of 2 petagrams of carbon per year (PgCyr(-1)). Time-resolved estimates of global ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux provide an important constraint on the global carbon budget. However, previous estimates of this flux, derived from surface ocean CO2 concentrations, have not corrected the data for temperature gradients between the surface and sampling at a few meters depth, or for the effect of the cool ocean surface skin. Here we calculate a time history of ocean-atmosphere CO2 fluxes from 1992 to 2018, corrected for these effects. These increase the calculated net flux into the oceans by 0.8-0.9 PgC yr(-1), at times doubling uncorrected values. We... |
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| Ano: 2020 |
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00676/78826/81135.pdf |
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| Shutler, Jamie D; Wanninkhof, Rik; Nightingale, Philip D; Woolf, David K; Bakker, Dorothee Ce; Watson, Andy; Ashton, Ian; Holding, Thomas; Chapron, Bertrand; Quilfen, Yves; Fairall, Chris; Schuster, Ute; Nakajima, Masakatsu; Donlon, Craig J. |
| The ability to routinely quantify global carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption by the oceans has become crucial: it provides a powerful constraint for establishing global and regional carbon (C) budgets, and enables identification of the ecological impacts and risks of this uptake on the marine environment. Advances in understanding, technology, and international coordination have made it possible to measure CO2 absorption by the oceans to a greater degree of accuracy than is possible in terrestrial landscapes. These advances, combined with new satellite‐based Earth observation capabilities, increasing public availability of data, and cloud computing, provide important opportunities for addressing critical knowledge gaps. Furthermore, Earth observation in... |
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| Ano: 2020 |
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00590/70256/68305.pdf |
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| Holding, Thomas; Ashton, Ian; Shutler, Jamie D.; Land, Peter E.; Nightingale, Philip D.; Rees, Andrew P.; Brown, Ian; Piolle, Jean-francois; Kock, Annette; Bange, Hermann W.; Woolf, David K.; Goddijn-murphy, Lonneke; Pereira, Ryan; Paul, Frederic; Girard-ardhuin, Fanny; Chapron, Bertrand; Rehder, Gregor; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Donlon, Craig J.. |
| The flow (flux) of climate-critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and an important driver of the biogeochemical systems within the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air–sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the oceans and assess the impact that these gases are having on Earth's climate and ecosystems. FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air–sea gas fluxes from model, in situ, and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow for its use as a Python... |
| Tipo: Text |
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| Ano: 2019 |
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00598/70983/69247.pdf |
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| Kitidis, Vassilis; Shutler, Jamie D.; Ashton, Ian; Warren, Mark; Brown, Ian; Findlay, Helen; Hartman, Sue E.; Sanders, Richard; Humphreys, Matthew; Kivimae, Caroline; Greenwood, Naomi; Hull, Tom; Pearce, David; Mcgrath, Triona; Stewart, Brian M.; Walsham, Pamela; Mcgovern, Evin; Bozec, Yann; Gac, Jean-philippe; Van Heuven, Steven M. A. C.; Hoppema, Mario; Schuster, Ute; Johannessen, Truls; Omar, Abdirahman; Lauvset, Siv K.; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Olsen, Are; Steinhoff, Tobias; Koertzinger, Arne; Becker, Meike; Lefevre, Nathalie; Diverres, Denis; Gkritzalis, Thanos; Cattrijsse, Andre; Petersen, Wilhelm; Voynova, Yoana G.; Chapron, Bertrand; Grouazel, Antoine; Land, Peter E.; Sharples, Jonathan; Nightingale, Philip D.. |
| Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO(2)) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 +/- 4.7 Tg C yr(-1) over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO(2) gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we... |
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| Ano: 2019 |
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00607/71869/70566.pdf |
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