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Registros recuperados: 30 | |
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Krupnick, Alan J.; Morgenstern, Richard D.; Fischer, Carolyn; Rolfe, Kevin; Logarta, Jose; Rufo, Bing. |
The Asian Development Bank has sponsored research on market-based instruments for managing pollution in Metro Manila, Philippines, where air quality is seriously degraded. This report offers three policy options for reducing particulate emissions and their precursors. For stationary sources, we recommend an emissions fee that creates efficient financial incentives to reduce emissions while raising revenues for monitoring and enforcement activities. For mobile sources, we propose a pilot diesel retrofit program using a low-cost technology that is effective at existing 2,000 ppm sulfur content. Second, we recommend a charge on the sulfur content of diesel fuel to encourage meeting and surpassing the 500 ppm standard to allow for more advanced particulate... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Emissions tax; Philippines; Particulates; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q01. |
Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10612 |
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Fischer, Carolyn; Morgenstern, Richard D.. |
Estimates of marginal abatement costs for reducing carbon emissions in the United States by the major economic-energy models vary by a factor of five, undermining support for mandatory policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We use meta analysis to explain these cost differences, holding policy regimes constant and focusing on the role of baseline emissions projections and structural characteristics of the models. The results indicate that certain assumptions, like freer trade and greater disaggregation of regions and nonenergy goods, lead to lower estimates of marginal abatement costs, while more disaggregated energy goods raise them. Other choices, like myopic optimization by households or the inclusion of an international finance sector, seem less... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Climate models; Carbon tax; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q4; Q25; D58. |
Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10537 |
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Fischer, Carolyn. |
Rate-based emissions policies (like tradable performance standards) fix average emissions intensity, while cap-and-trade policies fix total emissions. This paper shows that unfettered trade between rate-based and cap-and-trade programs always raises combined emissions, except when product markets are related in particular ways. Gains from trade are fully passed on to consumers in the rate-based sector, resulting in more output and greater emissions allocations. We consider a range of policy options to offset the expansion, including unilateral ones when jurisdictional differences require. The cap-and-trade jurisdiction could impose an "exchange rate" to adjust for relative permit values, but marginal abatement cost equalization is sacrificed. Still, that... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Permit allocation; Tradable performance standards; Climate; Greenhouse gases; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; H3; Q2; Q48. |
Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10713 |
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Fischer, Carolyn; Parry, Ian W.H.; Aguilar, Francisco X.; Jawahar, Puja. |
In a developing country context, a policy to promote adoption of common environmental content for corporate codes of conduct (COCs) aspires to meaningful results on two fronts. First, adherence to COC provisions should offer economic benefits that exceed the costs of compliance; i.e., companies must receive a price premium, market expansion, efficiency gains, subsidized technical assistance, or some combination of these benefits in return for meeting the requirements. Second, compliance should produce significant improvements in environmental outcomes; i.e., the code must impose real requirements, and monitoring and enforcement must offer sufficient incentives to prevent evasion. With those goals in mind, we explore options for establishing common... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Corporate social responsibility; Codes of conduct; Environmental management; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; O19. |
Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10889 |
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Fischer, Carolyn. |
Project-based mechanisms for emissions reductions credits, like the Clean Development Mechanism, pose important challenges for policy design because of several inherent characteristics. Participation is voluntary. Evaluating reductions requires assigning a baseline for a counterfactual that cannot be measured. Some investments have both economic and environmental benefits and might occur anyway. Uncertainty surrounds both emissions and investment returns. Parties to the project are likely to have more information than the certifying authority. The certifying agent is limited in its ability to design a contract that would reveal investment intentions. As a result, rules for baseline determination may be systematically biased to overallocate, and they also... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Climate policy; Clean Development Mechanism; Baseline emissions; Asymmetric information; Environmental Economics and Policy; D8; Q4. |
Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10520 |
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Fischer, Carolyn. |
In a second-best world of below-optimal pollution pricing, the public return to R&D may be greater than under Pigouvian pricing, due to excess benefits of increasing abatement, or it may be lower, since private actors lack the incentives to take full advantage of the new, cleaner technologies. This paper uses a simple model to demonstrate the interaction between environmental policies, R&D externalities, and the social return to innovation. The results indicate that strong public support for innovation is only justified if at least a moderate emissions policy is in place and spillover effects are significant. Furthermore, in most cases, policy constraints that limit regulatory burdens tend to further limit the scope for public support, even when... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Emissions price; Technological innovation; Spillovers; R&D policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O38; H23. |
Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10648 |
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Parry, Ian W.H.; Pizer, William A.; Fischer, Carolyn. |
Economists have speculated that the welfare gains from technological innovation that reduces the future costs of environmental protection could be a lot more important than the "Pigouvian" welfare gains over time from correcting a pollution externality. If so, then a primary concern in the design of environmental policies should be the impact on induced innovation, and a potentially strong case could be made for additional instruments such as research subsidies. This paper examines the magnitude of the welfare gains from innovation relative to the discounted Pigouvian welfare gains, using a dynamic social planning model in which research and development (R&D) augments a knowledge stock that reduces future pollution abatement costs. We find that the... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy. |
Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10883 |
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Bernard, Alain; Fischer, Carolyn; Vielle, Marc. |
Political pressure often exists for rebating environmental levies, particularly when incomplete regulatory coverage allegedly creates an"unlevel playing field" with other, unregulated firms or industries. This paper assesses the conditions under which rebating environmental levies is justified for the regulated sector. It combines a theoretical approach based on second-best modeling with numerical simulations aimed at determining the most sensitive parameters. We find that if an adequate tax on production can be levied in the unregulated sector, no rebate is justified for the regulated sector. Moreover, even in the case of constrained taxation in the unregulated sector, a tax rebate or a subsidy in the regulated sector is not necessarily a... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental levy; Tax rebate; Fiscal distortions; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q43; H2; D61. |
Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10512 |
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Fischer, Carolyn; Hoffmann, Sandra A.; Yoshino, Yutaka. |
We review the legal provisions of the WTO regime that have important implications for national, market-based environmental policies. We evaluate those provisions for their effects on a member country's ability and incentives to design economically efficient environmental policies. International trade institutions do not recognize the polluter pays principle, posing some challenges for unilateral policies addressing cross-border pollutants and leakage. Nor do they recognize the economic equivalence of emission tax and permit regimes, leading to different potential constraints on policy design and leaving some environmental policies open to influence by protectionist motives. As many legality issues have yet to be disputed and resolved, opportunities exist... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Trade; Environment; WTO; GATT; Market-based policies; Environmental Economics and Policy; F1; Q38. |
Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10758 |
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Fischer, Carolyn. |
Many studies have shown that the activities of multinational corporations are quite sensitive to differences in income tax rates across countries. In this paper I explore the interaction between multinational taxation and abatement activities under an international emissions permit trading scheme. Four types of plans are considered: (1) a single domestic permit system with international offsets; (2) separate national permit systems without trade; (3) separate national permit systems with limited offsets; and (4) an international permit trading system. For each plan, I model the incentives for the multinational firm to choose abatement activities at home and abroad and to transfer emissions credits between parent and subsidiary. Limits on trading across... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Emission permits; Transfer pricing; Taxation; Multinational corporations; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; H2; F2; Q2. |
Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10816 |
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Fischer, Carolyn; Toman, Michael; Withagen, Cees. |
For the mitigation of long-term pollution threats, one must consider that both the process of environmental degradation and the switchover to new and cleaner technologies are dynamic. We develop a model of a uniform good that can be produced by either a polluting technology or a clean one; the latter is more expensive and requires investment in capacity. We derive the socially optimal pollution stock accumulation and creation of nonpolluting production capacity, weighing the tradeoffs among consumption, investment and adjustment costs, and environmental damages. We consider the effects of changes in the pollution decay rate, the capacity depreciation rate, and the initial state of the environment on both the steady state and the transition period. The... |
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Pollution accumulation; Clean technology; Capacity investment; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q42. |
Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10622 |
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Registros recuperados: 30 | |
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