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Meyssignac, Benoit; Boyer, Tim; Zhao, Zhongxiang; Hakuba, Maria Z.; Landerer, Felix W.; Stammer, Detlef; Koehl, Armin; Kato, Seiji; L'Ecuyer, Tristan; Ablain, Michael; Abraham, John Patrick; Blazquez, Alejandro; Cazenave, Anny; Church, John A.; Cowley, Rebecca; Cheng, Lijing; Domingues, Catia M.; Giglio, Donata; Gouretski, Viktor; Ishii, Masayoshi; Johnson, Gregory C.; Killick, Rachel E.; Legler, David; Llovel, William; Lyman, John; Palmer, Matthew Dudley; Piotrowicz, Steve; Purkey, Sarah G.; Roemmich, Dean; Roca, Rmy; Savita, Abhishek; Von Schuckmann, Karina; Speich, Sabrina; Stephens, Graeme; Wang, Gongjie; Wijffels, Susan Elisabeth; Zilberman, Nathalie. |
The energy radiated by the Earth toward space does not compensate the incoming radiation from the Sun leading to a small positive energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere (0.4-1 Wm(-2)). This imbalance is coined Earth's Energy Imbalance (EEI). It is mostly caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and is driving the current warming of the planet. Precise monitoring of EEI is critical to assess the current status of climate change and the future evolution of climate. But the monitoring of EEI is challenging as EEI is two orders of magnitude smaller than the radiation fluxes in and out of the Earth system. Over 93% of the excess energy that is gained by the Earth in response to the positive EEI accumulates into the ocean in the form of heat. This... |
Tipo: Text |
Palavras-chave: Ocean heat content; Sea level; Ocean mass; Ocean surface fluxes; ARGO; Altimetry; GRACE; Earth Energy Imbalance. |
Ano: 2019 |
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00675/78723/80997.pdf |
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Mackenzie, Bev; Celliers, Louis; De Freitas Assad, Luiz Paulo; Heymans, Johanna J.; Rome, Nicholas; Thomas, Julie; Anderson, Clarissa; Behrens, James; Calverley, Mark; Desai, Kruti; Digiacomo, Paul M.; Djavidnia, Samy; Dos Santos, Francisco; Eparkhina, Dina; Ferrari, Jose; Hanly, Caitriona; Houtman, Bob; Jeans, Gus; Landau, Luiz; Larkin, Kate; Legler, David; Le Traon, Pierre-yves; Lindstrom, Eric; Loosley, David; Nolan, Glenn; Petihakis, George; Pellegrini, Julio; Roberts, Zoe; Siddorn, John R.; Smail, Emily; Sousa-pinto, Isabel; Terrill, Eric. |
The importance of stakeholder engagement in ocean observation and in particular the realization of economic and societal benefits is discussed, introducing a number of overarching principles such as the convergence on common goals, effective communication, co-production of information and knowledge and the need for innovation. A series of case studies examine the role of coordinating frameworks such as the United States' Interagency Ocean Observing System (IOOS (R)), and the European Ocean Observing System (EGOS), public-private partnerships such as Project Azul and the Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP) and finally the role of the "third" or voluntary sector. The paper explores the value that stakeholder engagement can bring as well as making... |
Tipo: Text |
Palavras-chave: Ocean observing systems; Stakeholder engagement; Case studies; Societal benefits; SDG14. |
Ano: 2019 |
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00497/60879/64221.pdf |
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