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Registros recuperados: 42 | |
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Hoppe, Robert A.; Banker, David E.; Korb, Penelope J.; O'Donoghue, Erik J.; MacDonald, James M.. |
American farms encompass a wide range of sizes, ownership structures, and business types, but most farms are still family farms. Family farms account for 98 percent of farms and 85 percent of production. Although most farms are small and own most of the farmland, production has shifted to very large farms. Farms with sales of $1 million or more make up less than 2 percent of all farms, but they account for 48 percent of farm product sales. Most of these million-dollar farms are family farms. Because small-farm households rely on off-farm work for most of their income, general economic policies, such as tax or economic development policy, can be as important to them as traditional farm policy. |
Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Family farms; Farm program payments; Farm production; Farm household income; Commodity payments; Direct payments; Government payments; Agricultural Resource Management Survey; Contracting; ERS; USDA; Agricultural and Food Policy; Farm Management. |
Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59029 |
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Hoppe, Robert A.; Banker, David E.; MacDonald, James M.. |
American farms vary widely in size and other characteristics, but farming is still an industry of family businesses. Ninety-eight percent of farms are family farms, and they account for 82 percent of farm production. Small family farms make up most of the U.S. farm count and hold the majority of farm assets, but they produce a modest share of U.S. farm output. In contrast, large-scale family farms and nonfamily farms—only 12 percent of all farms—account for 84 percent of farm production. Small farms are less profitable than large-scale farms, on average, and the households operating them tend to rely on off-farm income for their livelihood. Because small-farm households receive most of their income from off-farm work, general economic policies—such as tax... |
Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Family farms; Farm businesses; Farm financial performance; Farm-operator household income; Farm operators; Farm structure; Farm type; Government payments; Limited-resource farms; Small farms; ERS; USDA; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance; Farm Management. |
Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96653 |
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O'Donoghue, Erik J.; MacDonald, James M.; Nehring, Richard F.. |
Water quality has implications for the health of our ecosystem and the welfare of our population. Agriculture is one of the major contributors of non-point source pollution that contaminates our nation's water supplies. Understanding how farmers substitute manure for commercial fertilizers allows us to better understand the level of nitrogen that enters the soil and can seep into our waterways. In this paper, we explore the factors that help determine farmers' substitution rates between the two types of fertilizers. Location, crop type, and time all could play important roles. We analyze USDA farm level survey data for both crop and livestock farms covering the years 1996 to 2002 to create substitution rate estimates used on corn, soybean, and wheat... |
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Farm Management. |
Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19252 |
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Buzby, Jean C.; Roberts, Tanya; Lin, Chung-Tung Jordan; MacDonald, James M.. |
Microbial pathogens in food cause an estimated 6.5-33 million cases of human illness and up to 9,000 deaths in the United States each year. Over 40 different foodborne microbial pathogens, including fungi, viruses, parasites, and bacteria, are believed to cause human illnesses. For six bacterial pathogens, the costs of human illness are estimated to be $9.3-$12.9 billion annually. Of these costs, $2.9-$6.7 billion are attributed to foodborne bacteria. These estimates were developed to provide analytical support for USDA's Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems rule for meat and poultry. (Note that the parasite Toxoplasma gondii is not included in this report.) To estimate medical costs and productivity losses, ERS uses four severity... |
Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Cost-of-illness; Foodborne pathogens; Lost productivity; Medical costs; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy. |
Ano: 1996 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33991 |
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MacDonald, James M.; Ollinger, Michael; Nelson, Kenneth E.; Handy, Charles R.. |
Meatpacking consolidated rapidly in the last two decades: slaughter plants became much larger, and concentration increased as smaller firms left the industry. We use establishment-based data from the U.S. Census Bureau to describe consolidation and to identify the roles of scale economies and technological change in driving consolidation. Through the 1970's, larger plants paid higher wages, generating a pecuniary scale diseconomy that largely offset the cost advantages that technological scale economies offered large plants. The larger plants' wage premium disappeared in the 1980's, and technological change created larger and more extensive technological scale economies. As a result, large plants realized growing cost advantages over smaller plants, and... |
Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Concentration; Consolidation; Meatpacking; Scale economies; Structural change; Industrial Organization; Livestock Production/Industries. |
Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34021 |
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MacDonald, James M.; Perry, Janet E.; Ahearn, Mary Clare; Banker, David E.; Chambers, William; Dimitri, Carolyn; Key, Nigel D.; Nelson, Kenneth E.; Southard, Leland W.. |
Production and marketing contracts govern 36 percent of the value of U.S. agricultural production, up from 12 percent in 1969. Contracts are now the primary method of handling sales of many livestock commodities, including milk, hogs, and broilers, and of major crops such as sugar beets, fruit, and processing tomatoes. Use of contracts is closely related to farm size; farms with $1 million or more in sales have nearly half their production under contract. For producers, contracting can reduce income risks of price and production variability, ensure market access, and provide higher returns for differentiated farm products. For processors and other buyers, vertical coordination through contracting is a way to ensure the flow of products and to obtain... |
Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Marketing; Production Economics. |
Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34013 |
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Kaufman, Phillip R.; MacDonald, James M.; Lutz, Steve M.; Smallwood, David M.. |
Low-income households may face higher food prices for three reasons: (1) on average, low-income households may spend less in supermarkets--which typically offer the lowest prices and greatest range of brands, package sizes, and quality choices; (2) low-income households are less likely to live in suburban locations where food prices are typically lower; and (3) supermarkets in low-income neighborhoods may charge higher prices than those in nearby higher income neighborhoods. Despite the prevailing higher prices, surveys of household food expenditures show that low-income households typically spend less than other households, on a per unit basis, for the foods they buy. Low-income households may realize lower costs by selecting more economical foods and... |
Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty. |
Ano: 1997 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34065 |
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MacDonald, James M.; Korb, Penelope J.. |
We use 2003 and 2004 ARMS data to analyze variations in contract duration among growers of broilers who hold production contracts. Most contracts cover just a single flock, but many extend for 1-2 years, and a significant minority of broiler contracts specify lengths of 5, 10, and even 15 years. We find that grower debt and production volume are inversely related to the choice of a short term (a year or less) contract, while lengthy prior experience with the contractor promotes short term contracts. Some contract terms appear to act as substitutes or complements to duration. |
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Livestock Production/Industries. |
Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21112 |
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MacDonald, James M.; Handy, Charles R.; Plato, Gerald E.. |
USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) purchases food products for distribution through several of the Department's food assistance programs. This report describes FSA purchase methods and compares them to procurement strategies used by other Federal agencies and by private sector firms. It summarizes the principal policy issues faced by FSA in designing procurement strategies. And it uses a detailed statistical analysis to compare FSA prices to those realized in the private sector, and to identify the separate effects of agricultural commodity prices, seasonality, client location, purchase volumes, product characteristics, and competition on FSA product prices. |
Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Procurement; Auctions; Food assistance; Competition; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety. |
Ano: 1998 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33925 |
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Registros recuperados: 42 | |
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