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| Registros recuperados: 27 | |
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| MacDonald, James M.; Ollinger, Michael; Nelson, Kenneth E.; Handy, Charles R.. |
| Meatpacking consolidated rapidly in the last two decades: slaughter plants became much larger, and concentration increased as smaller firms left the industry. We use establishment-based data from the U.S. Census Bureau to describe consolidation and to identify the roles of scale economies and technological change in driving consolidation. Through the 1970's, larger plants paid higher wages, generating a pecuniary scale diseconomy that largely offset the cost advantages that technological scale economies offered large plants. The larger plants' wage premium disappeared in the 1980's, and technological change created larger and more extensive technological scale economies. As a result, large plants realized growing cost advantages over smaller plants, and... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Concentration; Consolidation; Meatpacking; Scale economies; Structural change; Industrial Organization; Livestock Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34021 |
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| Crutchfield, Stephen R.; Buzby, Jean C.; Roberts, Tanya; Ollinger, Michael; Lin, Chung-Tung Jordan. |
| USDA is now requiring all Federally inspected meat and poultry processing and slaughter plants to implement a new system called Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) to reduce potentially harmful microbial pathogens in the food supply. This report finds that the benefits of the new regulations, which are the medical costs and productivity losses that are prevented when foodborne illnesses are averted, will likely exceed the costs, which include spending by firms on sanitation, temperature control, planning and training, and testing. Other, nonregulatory approaches can also improve food safety, such as providing market incentives for pathogen reduction, irradiation, and education and labeling to promote safe food handling and thorough cooking. |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Foodborne illness; Microbial pathogens; Meat and poultry inspection; HACCP; Cost of illness; Consumer education; Irradiation; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Livestock Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 1997 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34009 |
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| Ollinger, Michael; Nguyen, Sang V.; Blayney, Donald P.; Chambers, William; Nelson, Kenneth B.. |
| Processing plants in eight major food industries were highly productive before being acquired and they significantly improved their labor productivity afterward, Economic Research Service and U.S. Census Bureau researchers found in their analysis of Census data. The plant-level data on production inputs and costs provided a detailed picture of food-production facilities involved in mergers and acquisitions. The industries are meatpacking, meat processing, poultry slaughtering and processing, cheese making, fluid milk processing, flour milling, feed processing, and oilseed crushing. The analysis suggests that mergers and acquisitions contributed to the general improvement in labor productivity, echoing an earlier ERS study. Labor productivity is defined as... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Mergers; Acquisitions; Labor productivity; Consolidation; Structural change; Agribusiness; Industrial Organization; Productivity Analysis. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7246 |
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| Golan, Elise H.; Roberts, Tanya; Salay, Elisabete; Caswell, Julie A.; Ollinger, Michael; Moore, Danna L.. |
| Recent industry innovations improving the safety of the Nation's meat supply range from new pathogen tests, high-tech equipment, and supply chain management systems, to new surveillance networks. Despite these and other improvements, the market incentives that motivate private firms to invest in innovation seem to be fairly weak. Results from an ERS survey of U.S. meat and poultry slaughter and processing plants and two case studies of innovation in the U.S. beef industry reveal that the industry has developed a number of mechanisms to overcome that weakness and to stimulate investment in food safety innovation. Industry experience suggests that government policy can increase food safety innovation by reducing informational asymmetries and strengthening... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Innovation; Meat; Asymmetric information; Beef Steam Pasteurization System; Bacterial Pathogen Sampling and Testing Program; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Livestock Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34083 |
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| Ollinger, Michael; Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. |
| This paper examines the impact of pesticide regulation on the number of new pesticide registrations and pesticide toxicity. Results suggest that regulation adversely affects new pesticide introductions but encourages the development of pesticides with fewer toxic side effects. The estimated regression model implies that a 10% increase in regulatory costs (about $1.5 million per pesticide) causes a 5% reduction in the number of pesticides with higher toxicity. |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness. |
| Ano: 1998 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31508 |
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| Ollinger, Michael; Mueller, Valerie. |
| Sanitation and process control costs increased the costs of producing meat and poultry by about 0.5 percent in the period preceding the promulgation of the Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) rule of 1996. However, there was no benefit in trying to avoid these costs. Large slaughter plants and all further-processing plants with poor performance of sanitation and food safety process controls were more likely to exit their industries than other plants. Moreover, the fraction of costs required for sanitation and process control was about the same for large plants as for small plants, suggesting that larger plants were no better able than small plants to absorb sanitation and process control costs. Results also suggest that... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Production cost; Manufacturing plant survival; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Livestock Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33975 |
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| Thomsen, Michael R.; Ollinger, Michael; Crandall, Philip G.; O'Bryan, Corliss. |
| Food recalls are important for two reasons. One is that they mitigate harm when product failures occur. Another is that they augment incentives to invest in safety. When recalls are justified for their mitigation value, it makes sense that regulatory bodies be granted more control of the recall process in order to improve the manner in which recalls are conducted. Such is the stated intent of most proposals for changing the food recall system. However, we show that recalls can be justified by their incentive effect alone. In fact, recalls can be beneficial even when the social value of the harm they mitigate is so small as to be less than the costs of carrying them out. In these cases, it is important that proposals designed to improve the recall... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6083 |
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| Ollinger, Michael; Moore, Danna L.. |
| Economists (Ollinger and Mueller, 2003; Golan et al., 2004) have considered some of the economic forces, such as demands from major customers, that encourage plants to maintain food safety process control. Other economists, such as Roberts (2005), have identified food safety technologies that enable better control harmful pathogens. However, economists have not put the two together. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of economic forces, including firm effects and plant technology, customer demands, and regulation, on food safety technology use. Preliminary results suggest that customer demand has the greatest impact. |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Meat and poultry food safety; Food safety technologies; HACCP.; Marketing; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9853 |
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| Ollinger, Michael; Moore, Danna L.; Chandran, Ram. |
| Results from the first national survey of the types and amounts of food safety investments made by meat and poultry slaughter and processing plants since the late 1990s provide evidence that market forces have worked in conjunction with regulation to promote the use of more sophisticated food safety technologies. From 1996 through 2000, U.S. plants as a group spent about $380 million annually and made $570 million in long-term investments to comply with USDA's 1996 Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) regulation, according to a survey initiated by the Economic Research Service. The U.S. meat and poultry industry as a whole during the same time period spent an additional $360 million on food safety investments that were... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Livestock Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33559 |
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| Narrod, Clare A.; Malcolm, Scott A.; Ollinger, Michael; Roberts, Tanya. |
| Foodborne pathogens cause millions of human illnesses annually, many resulting in death or chronic illnesses. Universal methods to evaluate microbial risks and their associated costs have yet to be developed. Typically, risk analysis and economic analysis have been carried out independently. In this paper, we link a risk analysis model based on typical slaughterhouse practices with a decision model to evaluate the cost effectiveness of various combinations of pathogen reducing technologies. We describe technological change with regard to pathogen reduction in meat and compare the use, effectiveness, and the degree to which different control technologies have penetrated the market. We follow with the description of a cost-effectiveness framework for... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21562 |
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| Ollinger, Michael; Ralston, Katherine L.; Guthrie, Joanne F.. |
| Over 30 million lunches and 9.8 million breakfasts are served every day to children in participating American schools through the USDA National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs. It is challenging for participating local school food authorities (SFAs) to serve appealing, healthful meals while covering food, labor, and other operating costs with USDA reimbursements. But it may be more difficult for some SFAs than others due to cost differences across locations. Analysis of data from a large national sample reveals that after controlling for differences in SFA characteristics, sharp differences in costs remained among rural, urban, and suburban SFAs and across regions. The highest costs occurred in Mid-Atlantic, suburban SFAs and the lowest cost... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: School meal costs; Cost function; SFA; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60690 |
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| Ollinger, Michael; Nguyen, Sang V.; Blayney, Donald P.; Chambers, William; Nelson, Kenneth B.. |
| Consolidation and structural changes in the food industry have had profound impacts on firms, employees, and communities in many parts of the United States. Over 1972-92, eight important food industries underwent a structural transformation in which the number of plants declined by about one-third and the number of employees needed to staff the remaining plants dropped by more than 100,000 (20 percent). The number of plants in one other industry also dropped, but that industry added jobs. Economists generally attribute structural changes such as these to rising or falling demand and shifts in technology. This report examines consolidation and structural change in meatpacking, meat processing, poultry slaughter and processing, cheese products, fluid milk,... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Structural change; Food processing; Consolidation; Grain processing; Meat slaughter; Dairy processing; Industrial Organization. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7217 |
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| Registros recuperados: 27 | |
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