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A Nematode of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Hydrothermal Vents Harbors a Possible Symbiotic Relationship ArchiMer
Bellec, Laure; Cambon-bonavita, Marie-anne; Cueff-gauchard, Valerie; Durand, Lucile; Gayet, Nicolas; Zeppilli, Daniela.
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent meiofauna have been the focus of recent research and the discovery of an abundant well-adapted free-living marine nematode on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge offers new perspectives on adaptations to the vent environment. Indeed, knowledge concerning biological interactions of microbes and meiofauna in marine extreme environments is scarce, especially for nematodes. In this study, we used microscopic observations [fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] and metabarcoding of 16S rRNA to characterize the bacterial community of the nematode species Oncholaimus dyvae, an overlooked but ecologically important vent organism. Detection of bacteria in the buccal cavity and on the cuticle (SEM) and...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria; Lucky Strike vent field; Meiofauna; Nematode; Endosymbiont.
Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00457/56846/58676.pdf
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Akanthepsilonema oceanopolis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Epsilonematidae), a new free-living marine nematode from the Condor Seamount (North-East Atlantic Ocean) ArchiMer
Zeppilli, Daniela; Bongiorni, Lucia; Decraemer, Wilfrida; Vanreusel, Ann.
Epsilonematids are epifaunal nematodes characterized by an epsilon-shaped body and the presence of ambulatory setae, which are used in their locomotion. Nematodes belonging to this family were recently found in deep sea, especially in cold-water coral and seamount ecosystems. Akanthepsilonema oceanopolis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Epsilonematidae) is described from sediments of the Condor Seamount (North-East Atlantic Ocean) at 206 m water depth. Its main features are a heterogeneous cuticule with large horn-like dorsal spines both in anterior and in posterior regions; the presence of eight subcephalic setae arranged in two rows and the ratio maximum/minimum body diameter larger than two. The taxonomic position of this new species within the genus is discussed...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Akanthepsilonema oceanopolis; Nématodes; Mont sous-marin; Epsilonematidés; Taxinomie; Akanthepsilonema oceanopolis; Nematodes; Seamount; Epsilonematids; Taxonomy.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00199/31050/29470.pdf
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An Assessment of Environmental Metabarcoding Protocols Aiming at Favoring Contemporary Biodiversity in Inventories of Deep-Sea Communities ArchiMer
Brandt, Miriam; Trouche, Blandine; Henry, Nicolas; Liautard-haag, Cathy; Maignien, Lois; De Vargas, Colomban; Wincker, Patrick; Poulain, Julie; Zeppilli, Daniela; Arnaud-haond, Sophie.
The abyssal seafloor covers more than 50% of planet Earth and is a large reservoir of still mostly undescribed biodiversity. It is increasingly targeted by resource-extraction industries and yet is drastically understudied. In such remote and hard-to-access ecosystems, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is a useful and efficient tool for studying biodiversity and implementing environmental impact assessments. Yet, eDNA analysis outcomes may be biased toward describing past rather than present communities as sediments contain both contemporary and ancient DNA. Using commercially available kits, we investigated the impacts of five molecular processing methods on eDNA metabarcoding biodiversity inventories targeting prokaryotes (16S), unicellular...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Environmental metabarcoding; RNA versus DNA; Extracellular DNA; Deep-sea biodiversity; Benthic ecology; Biomonitoring; Method testing.
Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00630/74165/73774.pdf
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Changes in Nematode Communities in Different Physiographic Sites of the Condor Seamount (North-East Atlantic Ocean) and Adjacent Sediments ArchiMer
Zeppilli, Daniela; Bongiorni, Lucia; Serrao Santos, Ricardo; Vanreusel, Ann.
Several seamounts are known as ‘oases’ of high abundances and biomass and hotspots of biodiversity in contrast to the surrounding deep-sea environments. Recent studies have indicated that each single seamount can exhibit a high intricate habitat turnover. Information on alpha and beta diversity of single seamount is needed in order to fully understand seamounts contribution to regional and global biodiversity. However, while most of the seamount research has been focused on summits, studies considering the whole seamount structure are still rather poor. In the present study we analysed abundance, biomass and diversity of nematodes collected in distinct physiographic sites and surrounding sediments of the Condor Seamount (Azores, North-East Atlantic Ocean)....
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Ano: 2014 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00244/35528/34043.pdf
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Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review ArchiMer
Zeppilli, Daniela; Leduc, Daniel; Fontanier, Christophe; Fontaneto, Diego; Fuchs, Sandra; Gooday, Andrew J.; Goineau, Aurelie; Ingels, Jeroen; Ivanenko, Viatcheslav N.; Kristensen, Reinhardt Mobjerg; Neves, Ricardo Cardoso; Sanchez, Nuria; Sandulli, Roberto; Sarrazin, Jozee; Sorensen, Martin V.; Tasiemski, Aurelie; Vanreusel, Ann; Autret, Marine; Bourdonnay, Louis; Claireaux, Marion; Coquille, Valerie; De Wever, Lisa; Rachel, Durand; Marchant, James; Toomey, Lola; Fernandes, David.
Extreme marine environments cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface and offer many opportunities for investigating the biological responses and adaptations of organisms to stressful life conditions. Extreme marine environments are sometimes associated with ephemeral and unstable ecosystems, but can host abundant, often endemic and well-adapted meiofaunal species. In this review, we present an integrated view of the biodiversity, ecology and physiological responses of marine meiofauna inhabiting several extreme marine environments (mangroves, submarine caves, Polar ecosystems, hypersaline areas, hypoxic/anoxic environments, hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, carcasses/sunken woods, deep-sea canyons, deep hypersaline anoxic basins [DHABs] and hadal zones)....
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Extreme environments; Meiofauna; Mangroves; Submarine caves; Polar ecosystems; Melting ice; Hypersaline areas; Anoxic and hypoxic zones; Hydrothermal vents; Cold seeps; Carcasses and sunken woods; Deep sea; Submarine canyons; Deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs); Hadal zones.
Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00410/52140/52851.pdf
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Chemosynthetic ectosymbionts associated with a shallow-water marine nematode ArchiMer
Bellec, Laure; Cambon Bonavita, Marie-anne; Hourdez, Stéphane; Jebbar, Mohamed; Tasiemski, Aurélie; Durand, Lucile; Gayet, Nicolas; Zeppilli, Daniela.
Prokaryotes and free-living nematodes are both very abundant and co-occur in marine environments, but little is known about their possible association. Our objective was to characterize the microbiome of a neglected but ecologically important group of free-living benthic nematodes of the Oncholaimidae family. We used a multi-approach study based on microscopic observations (Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) coupled with an assessment of molecular diversity using metabarcoding based on the 16S rRNA gene. All investigated free-living marine nematode specimens harboured distinct microbial communities (from the surrounding water and sediment and through the seasons) with ectosymbiosis seemed more abundant during summer....
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Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00494/60614/64098.pdf
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Colonization of synthetic sponges at the deep-sea Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge): a first insight ArchiMer
Baldrighi, Elisa; Zeppilli, Daniela; Crespin, Rosalie; Chauvaud, Pierre; Pradillon, Florence; Sarrazin, Jozee.
The main objective of the present study was to investigate invertebrate colonization processes at deep-sea hydrothermal vents in response to environmental factors and to the presence of complex artificial substrata (i.e., synthetic sponges). We set out a pilot experiment at 1700 m depth on the Lucky Strike vent field (Eiffel Tower, Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Synthetic sponges were deployed in 2011 at five sites along a gradient of hydrothermal activity and were recovered in 2013, and the composition of macro- and meiofauna was assessed on four of them. The influence of temperature and fluid inputs on colonizer faunal abundance and diversity was analyzed. Faunal abundance and diversity decreased with increasing distance from vent emission. The colonizers were...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Synthetic sponges; Colonization; Lucky Strike; Meiofauna; Macrofauna; Substratum type.
Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00410/52135/52937.pdf
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Deep-Sea Nematodes of the Mozambique Channel: Evidence of Random Community Assembly Dynamics in Seep Sediments ArchiMer
Macheriotou, Lara; Rigaux, Annelien; Olu, Karine; Zeppilli, Daniela; Derycke, Sofie; Vanreusel, Ann.
Cold seeps occur globally in areas where gases escape from the seafloor, occasionally resulting in the formation of topographic depressions (pockmarks), characterised by unique physicochemical conditions such as anoxic and sulphuric sediments. Free-living marine nematodes tend to dominate the meiofaunal component in such environments, often occurring at extremely high densities and low richness; the mechanisms defining community assembly in areas of fluid seepage, however, have received little attention. Here we focus on a low-activity pockmark at 789 m in the Mozambique Channel (MC). We assessed the diversity, co-occurrence patterns and phylogenetic community structure of nematodes at this bathyal site to that of a nearby reference area as well as abyssal...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Cold seeps; Nematoda; Metabarcoding; Community structure; Phylogenetic community structure.
Ano: 2021 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00679/79080/81524.pdf
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Dragons of the Deep Sea: Kinorhyncha Communities in a Pockmark Field at Mozambique Channel, With the Description of Three New Species ArchiMer
Cepeda, Diego; Pardos, Fernando; Zeppilli, Daniela; Sánchez, Nuria.
Cold seep areas are extremely reduced habitats with spatiotemporal variation of hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage, low oxygen levels, and great habitat heterogeneity. Cold seeps can create circular to ellipsoid shallow depressions on the seafloor called pockmarks. We investigated two selected pockmarks, characterized by different gas emission, and two sites outside these geological structures at the Mozambique Channel to understand whether and how their environmental conditions affect the kinorhynch fauna in terms of density, richness, and community composition. A total of 11 species have been found living in the studied area, of which three are new species: Fissuroderes cthulhu sp. nov., Fujuriphyes dagon sp. nov., and Fujuriphyes hydra sp. nov. Densities...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Cold seeps; Deep sea; Ecology; Kinorhynchs; Meiofauna; Diversity; Taxonomy.
Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00648/75992/76894.pdf
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Ecology and trophic role of Oncholaimus dyvae sp. nov. (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae) from the lucky strike hydrothermal vent field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) ArchiMer
Zeppilli, Daniela; Bellec, Laure; Cambon-bonavita, Marie-anne; Decraemer, Wilfrida; Fontaneto, Diego; Fuchs, Sandra; Gayet, Nicolas; Mandon, Perrine; Michel, Loic; Portail, Marie; Smol, Nic; Sørensen, Martin V.; Vanreusel, Ann; Sarrazin, Jozee.
Background Nematodes are an important component of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities, but only few nematode species are able to cope to the harsh conditions of the most active vent sites. The genus Oncholaimus is known to tolerate extreme geothermal conditions and high sulphide concentrations in shallow water hydrothermal vents, but it was only occasionally reported in deep-sea vents. In this study, we performed morphological, genetic and ecological investigations (including feeding strategies) on an abundant species of Oncholaimus recently discovered at Lucky strike vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 1700 m water depth. Results We described this species as Oncholaimus dyvae sp. nov.. This new species differs from all other members of the genus...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Oncholaimus dyvae sp. nov.; Hydrothermal vents; Deep sea; Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00508/61985/66097.pdf
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Editorial: Extreme Benthic Communities in the Age of Global Change ArchiMer
Sandulli, Roberto; Ingels, Jeroen; Zeppilli, Daniela; Sweetman, Andrew Kvassnes; Hardy Mincks, Sarah; Mienis, Furu; Chin-lin, Wei.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Benthos; Global change; Extreme environment; Biodiversity; Ecosystem functioning.
Ano: 2021 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00668/77990/80200.pdf
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Environmental and Benthic Community Patterns of the Shallow Hydrothermal Area of Secca Delle Fumose (Baia, Naples, Italy) ArchiMer
Donnarumma, Luigia; Appolloni, Luca; Chianese, Elena; Bruno, Renato; Baldrighi, Elisa; Guglielmo, Rosanna; Russo, Giovanni F.; Zeppilli, Daniela; Sandulli, Roberto.
The occurrence of hydrothermal vent ecosystems at Secca delle Fumose, Pozzuoli Bay (Gulf of Naples), represented an opportunity to study the benthic assemblages under the thermal stress of hydrothermal emissions in a very shallow environment (9–14 m water depth). In autumn 2016, the macrobenthic community was sampled by scuba divers at four sites located in the Baia Underwater Archeological Park. Two sites were characterized by vent emissions (one with white bacterial mat scattered on the bottom and one with a yellow substrate around a geyser opening) and two at about 100 m away, used as control. Sediment and interstitial water environmental variables were measured to determine their influence on the structure of macrobenthic assemblages. A total of 1,954...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Shallow hydrothermal vents; Interstitial water; Sediments; Macrofauns; Benthos; Extreme habitats; Mediterranean Sea.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00590/70245/68283.pdf
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Evaluating sediment and water sampling methods for the estimation of deep-sea biodiversity using environmental DNA ArchiMer
Brandt, Miriam; Pradillon, Florence; Trouche, Blandine; Henry, Nicolas; Liautard-haag, Cathy; Cambon-bonavita, Marie-anne; Cueff-gauchard, Valerie; Wincker, Patrick; Belser, Caroline; Poulain, Julie; Arnaud-haond, Sophie; Zeppilli, Daniela.
Despite representing one of the largest biomes on earth, biodiversity of the deep seafloor is still poorly known. Environmental DNA metabarcoding offers prospects for fast inventories and surveys, yet requires standardized sampling approaches and careful choice of environmental substrate. Here, we aimed to optimize the genetic assessment of prokaryote (16S), protistan (18S V4), and metazoan (18S V1–V2, COI) communities, by evaluating sampling strategies for sediment and aboveground water, deployed simultaneously at one deep-sea site. For sediment, while size-class sorting through sieving had no significant effect on total detected alpha diversity and resolved similar taxonomic compositions at the phylum level for all markers studied, it effectively...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Ecological genetics; Microbial ecology; Molecular ecology.
Ano: 2021 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00689/80094/83149.pdf
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First Assessment of the Benthic Meiofauna Sensitivity to Low Human-Impacted Mangroves in French Guiana ArchiMer
Michelet, Claire; Zeppilli, Daniela; Hubas, Cédric; Baldrighi, Elisa; Cuny, Philippe; Dirberg, Guillaume; Militon, Cécile; Walcker, Romain; Lamy, Dominique; Jézéquel, Ronan; Receveur, Justine; Gilbert, Franck; Houssainy, Amonda El; Dufour, Aurélie; Heimbürger-boavida, Lars-eric; Bihannic, Isabelle; Sylvi, Léa; Vivier, Baptiste; Michaud, Emma.
Bioindicators assess the mangroves ecological state according to the types of pressures but they differ with the ecosystem’s specificities. We investigated benthic meiofauna diversity and structure within the low human-impacted mangroves in French Guiana (South America) in response to sediment variables with various distances to the main city. Contaminant’s concentrations differed among the stations, but they remained below toxicity guidelines. Meiofauna structure (Foraminifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda) however varied accordingly. Nematode’s identification brought details on the sediment’s quality. The opportunistic genus Paraethmolaimus (Jensen, 1994) strongly correlated to the higher concentrations of Hg, Pb. Anoxic sediments were marked by organic...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Mangroves; Biodiversity; Meiofauna; Nematode; Anthropogenic pressures; Natural contamination; South America.
Ano: 2021 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00684/79587/82274.pdf
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First insights into macro-and meiofaunal colonisation patterns on paired wood/slate substrata at Atlantic deep-sea hydrothermal vents ArchiMer
Cuvelier, Daphne; Beesau, Julie; Ivanenko, Viatcheslav; Zeppilli, Daniela; Sarradin, Pierre-marie; Sarrazin, Jozee.
In 2006, paired wood and slate panels, each equipped with a temperature probe, were deployed on three different localities on and around the Eiffel Tower edifice (Lucky Strike vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) within close proximity of visible hydrothermal activity. Recovery of these panels took place in 2008. For this two-year deployment period, the composition of colonising organisms (both macro-and meiofauna) was assessed, along with image analyses of the deployment sites in 2006 and 2008. Very few significant differences in colonisation between organic (wood) and inorganic (slate) panels were revealed. Rather, the locality of deployment and the local environmental conditions and hydrothermal activity were found to influence taxonomic composition....
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Colonisation; Organic and inorganic substrata; Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Hydrothermal; Recruitment; Diversity; Temperature.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00180/29090/27505.pdf
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High environmental stress and productivity increase functional diversity along a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent gradient ArchiMer
Alfaro Lucas, Joan Manel; Pradillon, Florence; Zeppilli, Daniela; Michel, Loic; Martinez‐arbizu, P; Tanaka, H; Foviaux, M; Sarrazin, Jozee.
Productivity and environmental stress are major drivers of multiple biodiversity facets and faunal community structure. Little is known on their interacting effects on early community assembly processes in the deep sea (>200 m), the largest environment on Earth. However, at hydrothermal vents productivity correlates, at least partially, with environmental stress. Here, we studied the colonization of rock substrata deployed along a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent gradient at four sites with and without direct influence of vent fluids at 1700 m depth in the Lucky Strike vent field (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, MAR). We examined in detail the composition of faunal communities (>20 µm) established after two years and evaluated species and functional patterns. We...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Colonization; Community assembly; Energy; Environmental filtering; Functional beta-diversity; Species beta-diversity.
Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00641/75342/76070.pdf
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Is the meiofauna a good indicator for climate change and anthropogenic impacts? ArchiMer
Zeppilli, Daniela; Sarrazin, Jozee; Leduc, Daniel; Arbizu, Pedro Martinez; Fontaneto, Diego; Fontanier, Christophe; Gooday, Andrew J.; Kristensen, Reinhardt Mobjerg; Ivanenko, Viatcheslav N.; Sorensen, Martin V.; Vanreusel, Ann; Thebault, Julien; Mea, Marianna; Allio, Noemie; Andro, Thomas; Arvigo, Alexandre; Castrec, Justine; Danielo, Morgan; Foulon, Valentin; Fumeron, Raphaelle; Hermabessiere, Ludovic; Hulot, Vivien; James, Tristan; Langonne-augen, Roxanne; Le Bot, Tangi; Long, Marc; Mahabror, Dendy; Morel, Quentin; Pantalos, Michael; Pouplard, Etienne; Raimondeau, Laura; Rio-cabello, Antoine; Seite, Sarah; Traisnel, Gwendoline; Urvoy, Kevin; Van Der Stegen, Thomas; Weyand, Mariam; Fernandes, David.
Our planet is changing, and one of the most pressing challenges facing the scientific community revolves around understanding how ecological communities respond to global changes. From coastal to deep-sea ecosystems, ecologists are exploring new areas of research to find model organisms that help predict the future of life on our planet. Among the different categories of organisms, meiofauna offer several advantages for the study of marine benthic ecosystems. This paper reviews the advances in the study of meiofauna with regard to climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Four taxonomic groups are valuable for predicting global changes: foraminifers (especially calcareous forms), nematodes, copepods and ostracods. Environmental variables are fundamental in...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Meiofauna; Climate change; Anthropogenic impacts; Biomonitoring; Natural observations and experimental studies.
Ano: 2015 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00278/38938/37521.pdf
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Meiofauna assemblages of the Condor Seamount (North-East Atlantic Ocean) and adjacent deep-sea sediments ArchiMer
Zeppilli, Daniela; Bongiorni, Lucia; Cattaneo, Antonio; Danovaro, Roberto; Santos, R.
Seamounts are currently considered hotspots of biodiversity and biomass for macro- and megabenthic taxa, but knowledge of meiofauna is still limited. Studies have revealed the existence of highly diverse meiofauna assemblages; however most data are mainly qualitative or focused only on specific groups, thus preventing comparisons among seamounts and with other deep-sea areas. This study, conducted on Condor Seamount (Azores, North-East Atlantic Ocean), describes variation in abundance, biomass, community structure and biodiversity of benthic meiofauna from five sites located on the Condor Seamount: and one site away from the seamount. While the summit of the seamount hosted the highest alpha biodiversity, the flanks and the bases showed a rich meiofauna...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Condor Seamount; Meiofauna; Biodiversity; Deep-sea sediments; Azores.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00152/26324/24398.pdf
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Meiofauna communities’ response to an anthropogenic pressure: The case study of green macroalgal bloom on sandy beach in Brittany ArchiMer
Baldrighi, Elisa; Grall, Jacques; Quillien, Nolwenn; Carriço, Rita; Verdon, Valentin; Zeppilli, Daniela.
Open sandy beaches support key ecological functions and a distinctive biodiversity, but are threatened by an increasing anthropogenic pressure. Among these threats is the occurrence of green tides of Ulva spp., expression of the eutrophication phenomenon. Our study aimed at determining the impact of green macroalgal accumulations on benthic meiofauna inhabiting two macrotidal sandy beaches of Brittany: Saint Nic (impacted) and Anse de Dinan (unimpacted). The presence of Ulva enhanced total meiofaunal abundance and nematode functional diversity when compared to a state free from macroalgal mats. The stranded Ulva supported high values of meiofaunal β-diversity as well. This unexpected response was likely due to the highly dynamic nature of open sandy...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Meiofauna; Macroalgal bloom; Sandy beach; Nematodes; Brittany; Anthropogenic impact; Ulva spp.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00509/62069/66249.pdf
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Meiofauna Community in Soft Sediments at TAG and Snake Pit Hydrothermal Vent Fields ArchiMer
Spedicato, Adriana; Sánchez, Nuria; Pastor, Lucie; Menot, Lenaick; Zeppilli, Daniela.
The risk assessment of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) mining on meiobenthic organisms, specifically on soft-sediment meiofauna, is impeded by a lack of knowledge on the biology and ecology of these communities. In this study, we investigated sediment samples taken in proximity of active vents at Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) and Snake Pit, two hydrothermal vent fields of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in order to explore metazoan meiofauna, particularly nematode community, and its relation to organic carbon, total nitrogen, total sulfur, and dissolved oxygen. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were low at both sites. High concentrations of total sulfur and low oxygen penetration were found at Snake Pit compared to TAG. Snake Pit showed approximately four...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Meiobenthos; Nematoda; Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Seafloor massive sulfides; Biodiversity.
Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00629/74061/73507.pdf
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