SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Oliveira, Samuel Jose de Magalhaes; Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento de Souza.

International trade has acquired increasing importance for the Brazilian economy, especially for agribusiness. In this way, understanding other countries policies that affects international trade and its impacts in this country is equally important. The European Union (EU) is one of the most important Brazilian trade partners and it is known by strong interference on its agricultural sector. The recent European enlargement and the last Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Reform have been studied at different regions of the World but there is a lack of knowledge regarding the impacts of this on Brazilian rural sectors. This paper aims to assess the impacts of the 2004 EU enlargement on Brazilian agribusiness using the general equilibrium model Global Trade...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: International economics; International trade; General equilibrium; Economic integration.; Political Economy; F11; F15; Q17..

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61192

A REGIONAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF THE WELFARE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFERS: AN ANALYSIS OF PROGRESA IN MEXICO

Coady, David P.; Harris, Rebecca Lee.

Using a regionally disaggregated computable general equilibrium model, we analyze the differential welfare impacts of a cash transfer program targeted at rural areas. The direct effect of the transfers decreases regional income differentials, but the indirect effects depend on how the program is financed. Financing the program with a more efficient tax system is also less regressive and has favorable urban impacts. The less efficient instruments result in relatively higher incomes in all rural regions, but are more regressive. The increasing share of urban poverty highlights the shortcomings of rural targeting and raises the issue of horizontal equity.

A Theory of Migration as a Response to Occupational Stigma

Palavras-chave: General equilibrium; Targeted transfers; Regional impacts; Tax incidence; Food Security and Poverty; D3; D58; D60; H2; O10; O54; R13.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16303

Stark, Oded; Fan, C. Simon.

Drawing on the literature of occupational status and social distance, a theory is developed of labor migration that is prompted by a desire to avoid “social humiliation.” A closed-economy general equilibrium model that incorporates occupational status and examines the interaction between the goods market and the labor market is constructed. This framework is then extended from a closed, single economy to an open economy setting in a world that consists of two countries or two regions. It is shown that as long as migration can reduce humiliation sufficiently, migration will occur even between two identical economies. Hence, a new model of migration is presented in which migration arises from a wish to reap social exposure gains. The model shows that...

Competition Among Rent Seeking Groups in General Equilibrium

Palavras-chave: Migration; Social distance; Occupational status; Social exposure gains; General equilibrium; Consumer/Household Economics; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Labor and Human Capital; F22; J61; R23.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55363

Roe, Terry L.; Graham-Tomasi, Theodore.

A two sector general equilibrium model is developed in which households can influence the government's choice of the relative price of traded goods and the level of public goods supplied to each sector. The model is used to illustrate key problems addressed by the political economy literature, modeling issues that arise, and the nature of insights that can be obtained that traditional approaches cannot discern.

COPPER CRISIS AND AGRICULTURAL RENAISSANCE IN ZAMBIA: AN ECONOMY-WIDE ANALYSIS

Palavras-chave: General equilibrium; Political economy; Rent seeking; Lobbying; Political Economy.

Ano: 1990

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7483

Lofgren, Hans; Robinson, Sherman; Thurlow, James.

Zambia's strong dependence on copper exports has suppressed other tradables sectors, indicative of a Dutch disease phenomenon. The current copper crisis will have strong economic effects, possibly reversing such Dutch disease effects. We use a computable general equilibrium model built around a 1995 social accounting matrix to simulate the short- and long-run effects of two scenarios that reflect the current crisis, a 20 percent reduction in world copper prices and a complete collapse of copper mining. Compared to the short run, the long run is characterized by more flexibility in production technology and capital allocation. Both scenarios require a significant reduction in the "non-copper" trade deficit, absorption, and household consumption. The...

Crop-Based Biofuel Production under Acreage Constraints and Uncertainty

Palavras-chave: Zambia; Copper; Structural adjustment; Agriculture; General equilibrium; International Development; C68; O55; Q17; Q32.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25805

Baker, Mindy L.; Hayes, Dermot J.; Babcock, Bruce A..

A myriad of policy issues and questions revolve around understanding the bioeconomy. To gain insight, we develop a stochastic and dynamic general equilibrium model and capture the uncertain nature of key variables such as crude oil prices and commodity yields. We also incorporate acreage limitations on key feedstocks such as corn, soybeans, and switchgrass. We make standard assumptions that investors are rational and engage in biofuel production only if returns exceed what they can expect to earn from alternative investments. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandates the use of 36 billion gallons of biofuels by 2022, with significant requirements for cellulosic biofuel and biodiesel production. We calculate the level of tax credits required...

Economic Impacts of Brazilian Indirect Tax Reduction: An analysis of the competitiveness within MERCOEURO

Palavras-chave: Biodiesel; Biofuels; Cellulosic; Dynamic; Ethanol; General equilibrium; Monte Carlo; Market; Crop Production/Industries; Political Economy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Risk and Uncertainty.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6314

Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira, Erly Cardoso.

The objective of this paper is to determine the effects of the creation of MERCOEURO stemming from an indirect tax reduction in the Brazilian economy. Four different scenarios were analyzed taking into account the elimination of tariffs on imports among the member countries in the MERCOEURO agreement and a 10% reduction in the indirect taxes on the final consumption, on intermediary inputs, and on sectors production. Simulations are run using GTAPinGAMS with the GTAP database version 6.0. The creation of the MERCOEURO generated significant results mainly in the agribusiness sector. A reduction in the indirect taxes on final consumption and over the intermediate inputs improve the competition and generate gains in growth, welfare, and government...

Economic Loss to the Brazilian Regions Due to the Doha Round Failure

Palavras-chave: Regional integration; Indirect taxes; General equilibrium; GTAPinGAMS; Sectoral competition; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; C68; H20.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53440

Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira, Erly Cardoso; Gurgel, Angelo Costa.

We build a database and model to develop general equilibrium analysis of the Brazilian economy at the level of the five macro regions. The model is multiregional at global level as also at the Brazilian level. The project is coupled to the GTAP model through disaggregation of the original Brazilian input-output matrix and trade flows and follows the GTAPinGAMS structure and syntax to generate the General Equilibrium Analysis Project for the Brazilian Economy (PAEG). The regional database is that of the GTAP version 6 and represent the 2001 world economy. We aggregate the data in seven regions plus the five Brazilian sub-regions and nineteen commodities/sectors to apply the scenario Doha Round to determine the probable losses to the Brazilian regions from...

EFEITOS DE UMA DESONERAÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA NA ECONOMIA BRASILEIRA EM CENÁRIOS DE CRIAÇÃO DA ÁREA DE LIVRE COMÉRCIO DAS AMÉRICAS (ALCA)

Palavras-chave: Brazilian regions; General equilibrium; Agribusiness; Trade liberalization; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; Q17.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53247

Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira, Erly Cardoso.

O objetivo desse artigo é determinar os impactos da criação da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA), a partir de uma desoneração tributária, na economia brasileira. Para isso, foram analisados diversos cenários que contam, além da eliminação das tarifas ao comércio entre os países do continente americano, com redução de 10% dos impostos indiretos que incidem sobre o consumo, sobre os insumos intermediários e sobre a produção brasileira. O modelo do GTAPinGAMS é usado como instrumental analítico, aplicado à versão 6.0 do banco de dados do GTAP. Os resultados indicam que, em todos os cenários de ALCA, a redução dos impostos indiretos em 10% aumentou a competitividade, promoveu o crescimento e o bem-estar do Brasil e elevou a receita tributária. O...

Efeitos redistributivos de transferência de renda e redução tributária nos setores agropecuário e agroindustrial

Palavras-chave: Integração regional; Tributos indiretos; Equilíbrio geral; GTAPinGAMS; Competitividade setorial; Regional integration; Indirect taxes; General equilibrium; GTAPinGAMS; Sectorial competition; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; Q17; R13; H20.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/109126

Santos, Vladimir Faria dos; Vieira, Wilson da Cruz; Reis, Bricio dos Santos.

This work analyzes the effects of alternative policies on income redistribution in the Brazilian economy. It was used an applied general equilibrium model and the following simulations were implemented: direct income transfer and tax reduction on agriculture and agro-industry sectors. The results indicated that direct income transfer is a better policy to reduce income inequality than tax reduction on specific sectors such as agriculture and agro-industry.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Income distribution; Taxation; General equilibrium; Brazil; Political Economy.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54136

Extending General Equilibrium to the Tariff Line: U.S. Dairy in the DOHA Development Agenda

Grant, Jason H.; Hertel, Thomas W.; Rutherford, Thomas F..

Market access has been at the core of eight negotiating rounds of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Yet, agricultural trade remains a heavily protected sector, characterized by higher tariffs relative to industrial goods, large tariff dispersions, numerous specific tariffs and systems of tariff-rate-quotas. This has made the analysis of trade liberalization a formidable task among policy analysts. Previous studies of agricultural trade liberalization have used partial or general equilibrium models of trade. However, each of these modeling strategies has their drawbacks. General equilibrium (GE) models have been criticized because they face serious aggregation issues and miss much of the policy detail that occurs at the tariff line. Partial...

Food policy and poverty in Indonesia: a general equilibrium analysis

Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Mixed-complementarity problem; Partial equilibrium; General equilibrium; Doha Development Agenda; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries; F01; F17; Q17; Q18.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25305

Global Market Shocks and Poverty in Vietnam: The Case of Rice

Warr, Peter G..

Rice is Indonesia’s staple food and accounts for large shares of both consumers’ budgets and total employment. Until recently, Indonesia was the world’s largest importer, but rice import policy is now highly protectionist. Since early 2004, rice imports have been officially banned. Advocates of this policy say it reduces poverty by assisting poor farmers. Opponents say it increases poverty, stressing negative effects on poor consumers. This paper uses a general equilibrium model of the Indonesian economy to analyse the effects of a ban on rice imports. The analysis recognises 1000 individual households, including allmajor socioeconomic categories, disaggregated by expenditures per person. It takes account of effects on each household’s real expenditure and...

Tipo: Article

Palavras-chave: General equilibrium; Rice imports; Trade policy; Indonesia; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118588

Coxhead, Ian A.; Linh, Vu Hoang; Tam, Le Dong.

World food prices have experienced dramatic increases in recent years. These “shocks” affect food importers and exporters alike. Vietnam is a major exporter of rice, and rice is also a key item in domestic production, employment and consumption. Accordingly, rice price shocks from the world market have general equilibrium impacts and as such, their implications for household welfare are not known ex ante. In this paper we first present a simple framework for understanding the direct and indirect welfare effects of a global market shock of this kind. Second, we quantify the transmission of the price shock from global indicator prices to domestic markets. Third, we then we use an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model to simulate the effects of domestic...

Global Trade Reforms and Income Distribution in Developing Countries

Palavras-chave: Vietnam; Rice; Poverty; Price transmission; General equilibrium; Microsimulation; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; I32; D58; Q17.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116706

Brooks, Jonathan; Dewbre, Joe.

This paper examines the effects of trade and domestic agricultural policy reforms on the distribution of incomes in six developing countries: Brazil, China, India, Malawi, Mexico and South Africa. The aggregate results from a global trade model are fed into separate national models. The insights available from alternative model types are evaluated. The distributional impacts of reform are found to be complex and to vary between countries. Given that it is typically impossible to reform (or equally not reform) without hurting some households with lower incomes, the conclusion is that it makes sense to help these households with targeted policies.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Trade reform; Liberalisation; Agriculture; Income distribution; Poverty; General equilibrium; Financial Economics; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/110130

Heterogeneity in Costs and Second-Best Policies for Environmental Protection

Burtraw, Dallas; Cannon, Matthew.

This paper investigates heterogeneity in pollution abatement costs using a computable general equilibrium framework. Previous literature using aggregated data has found that "grandfathered" tradable permits are dominated by other instruments including emission taxes, performance standards, and technology mandates because of interactions with pre-existing taxes. However, when the underlying costs of abatement are heterogeneous, a disaggregate representation of costs yields qualitatively different findings. In a disaggregate model of NOX abatement in the United States, the relative performance of tradable permits improves significantly and out-performs command and control approaches over a wide range of emission reductions.

IMPACTS OF GROWTH STIMULANTS IN THE DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK SECTOR

Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness analysis; General equilibrium; Environmental policy; Instrument choice; Second-best regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; D58; H21; L51.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10875

Peterson, Everett B.; Preckel, Paul V.; Hertel, Thomas W.; McGuirk, Anya M..

Many individuals are predicting a "second green revolution" in agriculture from the introduction of growth stimulants into the livestock industries. An economy-wide approach is used to determine the affects on prices and quantities of introducing growth stimulants in the domestic dairy and pork industries. In general, the impacts are found to be much smaller than previous research focused at the sectoral level has suggested. Increases in the amount of lean meat per hog, which reduces processor demand, may actually lead to a reduction in pork production at the farm-level.

Neutralizing the Adverse Industry Impacts of CO2 Abatement Policies: What Does It Cost?

Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; General equilibrium; Pork and dairy; Livestock Production/Industries.

Ano: 1992

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116106

Bovenberg, A. Lans; Goulder, Lawrence H..

The most cost-effective policies for achieving CO2 abatement (e.g., carbon taxes) are considered politically unacceptable because of distributional consequences. This paper explores policies designed to address distributional concerns. Using an intertemporal, numerical general equilibrium model of the United States, we examine how efficiency costs change when CO2 abatement policies include elements that neutralize adverse impacts on energy industries. We find that desirable distributional outcomes can be achieved at relatively low cost in terms of efficiency. Without substantial added cost to the overall economy, the government can implement carbon abatement policies that protect profits and equity values in fossil-fuel industries. The key to this...

Partial versus General Equilibrium Calorie and Revenue Effects of a Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax

Palavras-chave: Climate policy; Distributional impacts; General equilibrium; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; H22; L51; D58.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10647

Dharmasena, Senarath; Davis, George C.; Capps, Oral, Jr..

The current obesity crisis in the United States is generating numerous alternative policy options for combating the problem. One alternative that has been widely proposed is an excise or sales tax on sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages. This literature started out within a very simple partial equilibrium framework. Not considering the feedback effects (or general equilibrium effects) across interrelated market is a shortcoming of these partial equilibrium analyses. Our study is carried out to ascertain stochastic partial and general equilibrium calorie, body weight and revenue effects of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages as well as incidence of such tax. We used Nielsen Homescan data on prices and quantities of selected non-alcoholic beverages...

Policy Analysis in a Second-Best World

Palavras-chave: Partial equilibrium; General equilibrium; Tax effects; Sugar-sweetened beverages; Beverage tax; Calorie effects; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy; D11; D12; I18.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103509

Parry, Ian W.H.; Oates, Wallace E..

This paper first describes the new literature in environmental economics on the socalled "double dividend" and then explores its implications for a broad range of economic issues. The basic finding in this literature is that in a second-best, general equilibrium setting, environmental measures raise costs and prices and thereby reduce the real wage. This rise in the cost of living reduces slightly the quantity of labor supplied in an already highly distorted labor market, giving rise to losses in social welfare that can be large relative to the basic welfare gains from improved environmental policy. These losses may be offset to some extent by using revenues (if any) from the environmental programs to reduce existing taxes on labor. This same line of...

Projecting Supply and Demand for Land in the Long Run

Palavras-chave: Regulatory policies; Welfare effects; Pre-existing taxes; General equilibrium; Environmental Economics and Policy; L51; H23; D52.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10687

Golub, Alla A.; Hertel, Thomas W.; Sohngen, Brent.

The goal of this work is to investigate land-use change at the global scale over the long run particularly in the context of analyzing the fundamental drivers behind land-use related GHG emissions. For this purpose, we identify the most important drivers of supply and demand for land. On the demand side, we begin with a dynamic general equilibrium (GE) model that predicts economic growth in each region of the world, based on exogenous projections of population, skilled and unskilled labor and technical change. Economy-wide growth is, in turn, translated into consumer demand for specific products using an econometrically estimated, international cross-section, demand system that permits us to predict the pattern of future consumer demands across the...