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| Registros recuperados: 118 | |
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| Galarraga, Ibon; Markandya, Anil. |
| This paper justifies the need to introduce a tax on regular coffee drinkers in the UK to subsidise the fair trade/organic coffee production. This policy will allow to take full account of the negative external effect of regular coffee production while internalising the positive effect of fair trade initiatives. Designing such a policy is possible and the benefits of it can be calculated. This paper shows how. Propuesta para corregir las externalidades en el mercado de café: un impuesto sobre el te y el café regular y una subvención sobre el café de Comercio Justo. El presente artículo justifica la necesidad de introducir un impuesto sobre los consumidores de café y té en el Reino Unido para subvencionar la producción de café orgánico y de Comercio Justo.... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Coffee market; Fair trade; International Relations/Trade; Q18; H23. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7991 |
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| Coble, Keith H.; Hanson, Terrill R.; Miller, J. Corey; Shaik, Saleem. |
| This paper examines the possibility that insurance for row crops, livestock, and aquaculture can be used effectively to encourage producers to adopt practices that will improve environmental behavior. Examples of agricultural environmental insurance are provided and considered in the context of alternative policy mechanisms. The current state of agricultural insurance and the nonagricultural environmental insurance market are explored. We also lay out the characteristics of an insurable risk along with the theoretical basis of insurance provision. An empirical example of an environmental insurance design is provided, and the behavioral implications of such a design are examined. Finally, we discuss important considerations that should be evaluated... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Environment; Insurance; Liability; D81; G22; H23; K13; Q18. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43214 |
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| Parry, Ian W.H.. |
| Grandfathered emissions permits redistribute income to wealthy households by creating firm rents that ultimately accrue to shareholders. Consequently, they can be highly regressive, even if the poor do not have large budget shares for polluting goods. Using an analytical model, this paper estimates the burden borne by different income groups when emissions permits are used to control power plant emissions of carbon, SO2, and NOx. We also compare the burden borne by poor households under permits with that under emissions taxes, performance standards, technology mandates, and input taxes. And we show how the social costs of policies differ from efficiency costs when society has aversion to inequality. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Equity effects; Pollution controls; Emissions permits; Social welfare function; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H22; H23. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10523 |
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| Bosetti, Valentina; Carraro, Carlo; Massetti, Emanuele. |
| Most analyses of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms focus on the cost effectiveness of “where” flexibility (e.g. by showing that mitigation costs are lower in a global permit market than in regional markets or in permit markets confined to Annex 1 countries). Less attention has been devoted to “when” flexibility, i.e. to the benefits of allowing emission permit traders to bank their permits for future use. In the model presented in this paper, banking of carbon allowances in a global permit market is fully endogenised, i.e. agents may decide to bank permits by taking into account their present and future needs and the present and future decisions of all the other agents. It is therefore possible to identify under what conditions traders find it optimal to... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Emission Trading; Banking; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; C72; H23; Q25; Q28. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6362 |
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| van Kooten, G. Cornelis. |
| Activities that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in forest and agricultural ecosystems can generate CO2-offset credits that can thus substitute for CO2 emissions reduction. Are biological CO2-uptake activities competitive with CO2 offsets from reduced fossil fuel use? In this paper, it is argued that transaction costs impose a formidable obstacle to direct substitution of carbon uptake offsets for emissions reduction in trading schemes, and that separate caps should be set for emissions reduction and sink-related activities. While a tax/subsidy scheme is preferred to emissions trading for incorporating biologically-generated CO2 offsets, contracts that focus on the activity and not the amount of carbon sequestered are most likely to lead to the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Carbon sequestration; Transaction costs; Climate change; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q54; Q23; Q42; H23; D23. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45505 |
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| Martin, Elsa; Stahn, Hubert. |
| The point of departure of this work is the situation occurring in the Crau area (South-East of France). In this region, organic farmers use surface water for irrigation and excess water percolates into an aquifer that is used as a source for local residents. In contrast to the standard framework, agricultural production thus increases groundwater levels. In this paper, using a dynamic model, we derive the myopic and socially optimal food and water consumption paths. The first aim is to bring to the fore that an intervention is needed and that, in such a specific case, the environment can be protected thanks to some "good" production incentives. We then analyze the problem of coordination that can occur when two distinct local authorities - an agricultural... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Agricultural policy; Water policy; Coordination of policies; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q18; Q28.. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91811 |
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| Crago, Christine Lasco; Khanna, Madhu. |
| A carbon tax would penalize carbon intensive fuels like gasoline and shift fuel consumption to less carbon intensive alternatives like biofuels. Since biofuel production competes for land with agriculture, a carbon tax could raise land rents, divert land towards fuel production, and raise agricultural prices. This paper analyzes the welfare effect of a carbon tax on fuel with gasoline and biofuel as available fuel choices, in the presence of a labor tax and biofuel subsidy. The second-best optimal carbon tax is also quantified. Findings show that when biofuels is part of the fuel mix, the carbon tax has a commodity price effect which arises from tax-induced changes in land rent. The commodity price effect could exacerbate or attenuate the tax interaction... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Carbon tax; Optimal fuel tax; Biofuel; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q42; Q48; Q54; H23. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60894 |
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| Fischer, Carolyn. |
| Rate-based emissions policies (like tradable performance standards) fix average emissions intensity, while cap-and-trade policies fix total emissions. This paper shows that unfettered trade between rate-based and cap-and-trade programs always raises combined emissions, except when product markets are related in particular ways. Gains from trade are fully passed on to consumers in the rate-based sector, resulting in more output and greater emissions allocations. We consider a range of policy options to offset the expansion, including unilateral ones when jurisdictional differences require. The cap-and-trade jurisdiction could impose an "exchange rate" to adjust for relative permit values, but marginal abatement cost equalization is sacrificed. Still, that... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Permit allocation; Tradable performance standards; Climate; Greenhouse gases; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; H3; Q2; Q48. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10713 |
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| Parry, Ian W.H.. |
| This paper derives and implements formulas for the welfare effects of differentiated and uniform mileage taxes, gasoline taxes, and per mile insurance premiums, for reducing the external costs of passenger vehicle accidents. The model distinguishes three driver groups and five vehicle groups, and we obtain estimates of external accident costs per mile for each group from crash data. The (average) external accident cost is estimated at 2.2-6.6 cents per mile. Accidents costs differ substantially across drivers of different ages, but only moderately across different vehicles groups. Annual welfare gains from a mileage tax differentiated across drivers and vehicles according to marginal external costs are $9.4 billion in the benchmark case. The uniform... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Traffic accidents; External costs; Pricing policies; Insurance reform; Public Economics; R48; H22; H23. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10674 |
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| Parry, Ian W.H.. |
| This paper develops an analytical framework for comparing the marginal excess burden (MEB) of labor taxes and various commodity taxes, allowing for externalities and interactions between the taxes, and applies the analysis to the United Kingdom. Due to parameter uncertainty and model simplifications the results should be viewed with caution, nonetheless there are some useful insights. For example, even though taxes on petrol and cigarettes confer externality benefits, and these goods are relatively weak leisure substitutes, the MEB of these taxes may substantially exceed that of the labor income tax, except under "high" scenarios for externality benefits. In contrast the MEB for alcohol taxes may be smaller than that of the labor tax, though it is still... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Welfare cost; Labor tax; Cigarette tax; Alcohol tax; Petrol tax; Externalities; Political Economy; H21; H23; Q28. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10860 |
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| Abdula, Rahimaisa D.. |
| This paper explores the inter-sectoral and land-use dynamics behind the development of bio-energy as a climate change policy through a computable general equilibrium (CGE) with a land use change (LUC) model. It assesses the economic and social costs of bio-energy development both in terms of the financial investment needed for its market penetration and in terms of the trade-offs its future supply will entail upon the land-use system. It analyzes how policies directed to develop bio-energy alters the pattern of energy mix and land utilization in the economy and how these changes in turn contribute to carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation. Policies analyzed in the study include carbon tax with revenues recycled upon bio-energy subsidy and upon direct tax... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D58; Q4; Q52; H23; O13. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25536 |
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| Registros recuperados: 118 | |
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