SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Krupnick, Alan J.; Alberini, Anna; Cropper, Maureen L.; Simon, Nathalie B.; O'Brien, Bernie; Goeree, Ron; Heintzelman, Martin.

Much of the justification for environmental rulemaking rests on estimates of the benefits to society of reduced mortality rates. This research aims to fill gaps in the literature that estimates the value of a statistical life (VSL) by designing and implementing a contingent valuation study for persons 40 to 75 years of age, and eliciting WTP for reductions in current and future risks of death. Targeting this age range also allows us to examine the impact of age on WTP and, by asking respondents to complete a detailed health questionnaire, to examine the impact of health status on WTP. This survey was self-administered by computer to 930 persons in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1999. The survey uses audio and visual aids to communicate baseline risks of death and...

Economic Uncertainties in Valuing Reductions in Children's Environmental Health Risks

Palavras-chave: Mortality risk valuation; Canada; Contingent valuation; Age; Health status; Risk and Uncertainty; I1; Q20; Q26.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10888

Hoffmann, Sandra A.; Krupnick, Alan J.; Adamowicz, Wiktor L..

The recognition that environmental hazards can affect children differently and more severely than adults has provoked growing concern in industrialized nations about the impact of environmental pollution on children's health. In this paper, commissioned by the OECD, we are charged with examining "economic uncertainties" associated with valuing the benefits of environmental policies that reduce risk to children's health. We examine two sources of uncertainty in benefits estimation: forecasting uncertainty and modeling uncertainty. We explore how these sources of uncertainty affect the use of standard economic and non-economic approaches to the valuation of health benefits. These include willingness-to-pay measures, cost-of-illness and human-capital...

Economics of Antibiotic Resistance: A Theory of Optimal Use

Palavras-chave: Willingness to pay; QALY; Children; Social welfare function; Health valuation; Environmental health; Household behavior; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q51; I18; I1; J17; D13; D6; D63; D64.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10722

Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Brown, Gardner M., Jr..

In recent years bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, leading to a decline in the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infectious disease. This paper uses a framework based on an epidemiological model of infection in which antibiotic effectiveness is treated as a nonrenewable resource. In the model presented, bacterial resistance (the converse of effectiveness) develops as a result of selective pressure on nonresistant strains due to antibiotic use. When two antibiotics are available, the optimal proportion and timing of their use depends precisely on the difference between the rates at which bacterial resistance to each antibiotic evolves and on the differences in their pharmaceutical costs. Standard numerical techniques are used...

Economics of Biofortification

Palavras-chave: Antibiotics; Disease; Externality; Livestock Production/Industries; Q3; I1.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10619

Qaim, Matin; Stein, Alexander J.; Meenakshi, J.V..

Micronutrient malnutrition affects billions of people world-wide, causing serious health problems. Different micronutrient interventions are currently being used, but their overall coverage is relatively limited. Biofortification that is, breeding staple food crops for higher micronutrient contents has been proposed as a new agriculture-based approach. Yet, as biofortified crops are still under development, relatively little is known about their economic impacts and wider ramifications. In this article, the main factors that will influence their future success are discussed, and a methodology for economic impact assessment is presented, combining agricultural, nutrition, and health aspects. Ex ante studies from India and other developing countries...

EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS IN A SPATIALLY VARIED ECONOMY

Palavras-chave: Micronutrient malnutrition; Public health; Biofortification; Agricultural technology; Impact analysis; Developing countries; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; I1; I3; O1; O3; Q1.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25584

Mude, Andrew G.; Barrett, Christopher B.; McPeak, John G.; Doss, Cheryl R..

This paper presents a simple two-period, dual economy model in which migration options may affect the informal financing of educational investments. When credit contracts are universally available and perfectly enforceable, spatially varied returns to human capital have no effect on educational investment patterns. But when financial markets are incomplete and informal mechanisms subject to imperfect contract enforcement must fill the breach, spatial inequality in infrastructure or other attributes that affect the returns to education create spatial differentiation in educational lending and consequently, in educational attainment. Although migration options can increase the returns to education, they can also choke off the informal finance on which...

El seguro escolar gratuito y el seguro materno infantil: análisis de su incidencia e impacto sobre el acceso a los servicios de salud y sobre la equidad en el acceso

Palavras-chave: Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; O1; I1.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14737

Jaramillo, Miguel; Parodi, Sandro.

A fines de la década pasada el gobierno peruano implementó dos seguros públicos para mejorar el acceso a los servicios de salud de las mujeres y de los niños más pobres de la población: el Seguro Escolar Gratuito (SEG) y el Seguro Materno Infantil (SMI). Según la teoría, dichos seguros deberían haber contribuido a disminuir las barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud, redistribuyendo recursos hacia los más pobres, e induciendo, por lo tanto, a una mejora en la equidad. El presente estudio intenta establecer si este objetivo logró concretarse en la realidad. Un primer nivel de análisis encuentra que la implementación de los seguros tuvo un efecto positivo sobre la cobertura ante los riesgos de salud y que tanto el SEG como el SMI se convirtieron en las...

Estimation of Treatment Effect of Asthma Case Management Using Propensity Score Methods

Palavras-chave: Seguros; Servicios de salud; Seguro escolar; Salud maternoinfantil; Perú; Insurance; Health services; School insurance; Maternal and child health; Peru; Health Economics and Policy; G22; I1.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37732

Brandt, Sylvia J.; Gale, Sara; Tager, Ira.

Objective: To estimate the treatment effect from participating in an asthma intervention that was part of the National Asthma Control Program. Study Setting: Data on children who participated in asthma case management (N=270) and eligible children who did not participate in case management (N=2,742) were extracted from a claims database. Study Design: We created 81 measures of health care utilization and 40 measures of neighborhood characteristics that could be related to participation in the program. The participation model was selected using the cross-validation-based Deletion Substitution and Addition (DSA) algorithm. We used optimal full matching for the vector of Mahalanobis’ distances and propensity scores to estimate the difference between...

EVALUATING TELEMEDICINE IN RURAL SETTINGS: ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS

Palavras-chave: Asthma; Treatment effect; Health intervention; Propensity scores; Consumer/Household Economics; Health Economics and Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; I1; D13; H51; C31; C80; C81; C83.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53124

Capalbo, Susan Marie; Heggem, Christine N..

Changes in health care policies, demographics, and technology have presented new opportunities for the delivery of medical care services and information to rural communities. Telemedicinethe use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health care when distances separates the participantsis one technology that has impacted the efficiency of delivery of rural health care services. This paper presents an overview of the telemedicine technologies, government involvement in support of telemedicine, evaluation efforts to date for these technologies, and issues that need to be addressed in designing an economic-based framework to evaluate the net benefits of telemedicine technologies to rural communities and consumers....

EVALUATING TELEMEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES IN RURAL SETTINGS

Palavras-chave: Rural health care; Telemedicine; Averted costs; Economic benefits; Telecommunications technology; R0; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Health Economics and Policy; I1.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/29240

Capalbo, Susan Marie; Heggem, Christine N..

Changes in health care policies, demographics, and technology have presented new opportunities for the delivery of medical care services and information to rural communities. Telemedicinethe use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health care when distance separates the participantshas significantly impacted the delivery of rural health care services. This paper presents an overview of the telemedicine technologies, government involvement in support of telemedicine, and issues that need to be addressed in designing an economic framework to evaluate the net benefits of telemedicine to rural communities and consumers. Federal and state governments have invested millions of support dollars in the form of...

Fatter Attraction: Marital Status and the Relationship between BMI and Labor Supply

Palavras-chave: Rural health care; Telemedicine; Averted costs; Economic benefits; Telecommunications technology; R0; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Health Economics and Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; I1.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/29167

Oreffice, Sonia; Quintana-Domeque, Climent.

We empirically analyze the labor supply choices of married men and women according to their body size (BMI), using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics on anthropometric characteristics of both spouses, and unmarried men and women as comparison group. Heavier husbands are found to work significantly more hours and earn more labor income, controlling for both spouses’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Conversely, no such effect is found for either unmarried individuals or for married women. We suggest a marriage market mechanism through which male BMI and earnings are positively related. Heavier married men compensate for their negative physical trait by providing their wives with more disposable income, working more hours and earning...

FOOD AID EFFECTIVENESS: "IT'S THE TARGETING, STUPID!"

Palavras-chave: Body Size; Labor Supply; Earnings; Marriage; Labor and Human Capital; D1; I1; J1; J22.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56209

Barrett, Christopher B..

In the 1992 United States presidential campaign, Bill Clinton and his staff regularly invoked the forceful reminder "It's the economy, stupid!" in order to maintain a tight focus on the core issue that would ultimately decide their electoral success or failure. This initially seemed reductionist to many observers, because a presidential campaign is a complex affair, with myriad issues and pressures confronting the candidate every day. But Clinton and his staff were ultimately proved correct. Most of the important issues that could ignite or derail their campaign did boil down to the economy, and their famous, ruthless focus proved highly successful. This paper advances the argument that similar focus on issues of targeting are essential if food aid...

FOOD CHOICE, NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION AND FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS: AN EXPERIMENTAL AUCTION EMPLOYING BREAD

Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; Q18; O1; I1.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14754

Hellyer, Nicole Elizabeth; Fraser, Iain; Haddock-Fraser, Janet.

In this paper we present the results of an experimental auction conducted to examine the influence of nutritional information on food choice and in particular estimate consumer willingness to pay for bread that contains functional ingredients which is used to make sandwiches. We find that consumers are willing to pay more for a whole grain and whole grain granary bread sandwich than other bread types. We also find that consumers do react positively to the provision of nutritional and health benefit information but that this effect occurs regardless of whether we supply specific or nonspecific health benefit information. We discuss information provision and health policy implications that emerge from our analysis.

FOOD-FOR-WORK FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AND THE PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE LAND USE: CAN IT WORK?

Palavras-chave: Functional foods; Bread; Willingness-to-pay; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy; D44; I1.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116424

Holden, Stein T.; Barrett, Christopher B.; Hagos, Fitsum.

Food-for-work (FFW) programs are commonly used both for short-term relief and long-term development purposes. In the latter capacity, they are increasingly used for natural resources management projects. Barrett, Holden and Clay (forthcoming) assess the suitability of FFW programs as insurance to cushion the poor against short-term, adverse shocks that could, in the absence of a safety net, have permanent repercussions. In this paper we explore the complementary question of FFW programs' potential to reduce poverty and promote sustainable land use in the longer run through induced changes in investment patterns. FFW programs commonly aim to produce or maintain potentially valuable public goods necessary to stimulate productivity and thus income growth....

Good News, Bad News: Results from a National Representative Panel Survey on China’s NCMS

Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; Q18; O1; Q2; I1.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14759

Yi, Hongmei; Zhang, Linxiu; Singer, Kim; Rozelle, Scott; Atlas, Scott.

The overall goal of the paper is to understand the progress of the implementation of China’s New Cooperative Medical System (NCMS) program. In the paper we seek to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the program and understand its effect on rural residents using a panel of national-representative, household survey data that were collected in 2005 and early 2008. According to our data, we found that there have been substantial improvements to the NCMS in coverage and participation. The service received by rural residents also improved in 2007. While the progress of the NCMS program is clear, there are still weaknesses. Most importantly, the program clearly does not meet its goal of providing insurance against catastrophic illnesses. On average,...

Health impact assessment of folate biofortified rice in China

Palavras-chave: Rural health; Insurance; China; Community/Rural/Urban Development; I1.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50104

De Steur, Hans; Gellynck, Xavier; Storoshenko, Sergei; Liqun, Ge; Lambert, Willy; Van der Straeten, Dominique.

Introduction: As folate deficiency is mainly caused by the dependency on folate-poor staple crops, such as rice, the implementation of rice with a high level of natural folate could be a successful pro-rural and pro-poor intervention strategy to reduce folate deficiencies in China, where about 260 million people are considered to be folate deficient. Consuming folate biofortified rice instead of conventional rice could prevent someone from negative health outcomes of folate deficiency, such as megaloblastic aneamia and neural-tube defects. Especially for poor Chinese women of childbearing age, folate biofortification could be important to prevent them from having a baby with a neural-tube defect, the main adverse health outcome. As Northern and Southern...

Idle Chatter or Learning? Evidence from Rural Tanzania of Social Learning about Clinicians and the Health System

Palavras-chave: Folate biofortification; Health impact; Neural-tube defects; DALYs; China; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy; I1; D6.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116439

Adelman, Sarah W.; Essam, Timothy M.; Leonard, Kenneth L..

We examine data from rural Arusha region in Tanzania in which households are asked to recall the illness episodes of randomly chosen other households in their village. We analyze the probability that a household would be able to recall another illness episode as a function of the characteristics of the illness, the location and type of health care chosen and the outcome experienced. Households are more likely to recall severe illnesses and illnesses for which good quality care is important, illnesses that resulted in visits to hospitals or when the patient was not cured. In addition, households are more likely to recall illnesses that resulted in a visit to a facility where the average tenure of clinicians is less than two years old. The results are...

Linkages Between Agricultural Growth and Improved Child Nutrition in Mali

Palavras-chave: Learning; Health care; Trust; Social networks; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Health Economics and Policy; I1; O1; O2.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42884

Tefft, James F.; Penders, Christopher L.; Kelly, Valerie A.; Staatz, John M.; Yade, Mbaye; Wise, Victoria.

This paper presents the results of the first phase of a project aimed at analyzing the links between agricultural growth in Mali and child nutritional status. The objective of this project is to strengthen these links through applied research and extension. The first phase of the project was designed to generate hypotheses concerning the relationship and review existing data to test these hypotheses, generate new hypotheses and draw policy implications. The second phase of this project will carry out in-depth research to address the critical questions left unanswered in phase I and initiate actions designed to improve these links.

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Child nutrition; Mali; Agricultural growth; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Development; Downloads July 2008-July 2009: 13; I1.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54575

Malaria and National Income: Examining a Two Way Causal Relationship

Datta, Saurabh; Reimer, Jeffrey J..

Simple plots of data show that malaria has a negative correlation with national income per capita, whether looking across countries at a point in time, or looking at a single country over time. Some countries have been able to move from an equilibrium characterized by low income and high malaria, to a new equilibrium with higher income and lower rates of malaria. This study develops and estimates a simultaneous equations model to explain these changes. We distinguish three potential causal chains: (a) the ability for decreases in malaria to increase income, (b) the ability for increases in income to reduce malaria (reverse causality), and (c) external factors that may lead to both higher income and lower malaria (incidental association). We find that...

Modelling functional food choice and health care impacts: A literature review

Palavras-chave: Antipoverty; GDP; Health; Economic growth; Malaria; Simultaneous equations; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; I1; I3; O1; O2.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61179

Zou, Ning Ning (Helen); Hobbs, Jill E..

The global market for functional foods is estimated to be worth about US$33 billion (Hilliam, 2000). Given the information asymmetry inherent in functional foods, labelling information plays a key role in allowing consumers to make informed choices. Understanding consumer choices with respect to functional foods is an important new area of research. Several potential consumer choice models are available to assess consumer choices for functional food. This paper provides an overview of key consumer research questions, and a review of several different models, including the Stated Preference Choice Model with Discrete Choice Analysis, Dependent Preference Model, and modified Protection Motivation Theory.

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Information asymmetry; Stated preference models; Protection motivation; Functional food; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Q13; I1; D12; D82.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91556

Moving Beyond Income: Neighborhood Structure, Household Behavior, and Children's Health in the United States

Rahman, Tauhidur; Aradhyula, Satheesh V..

Using insights from economics, pediatrics, psychology, and sociology, this paper examines the effects of income, income inequality, participation in religious services, maternal health, breastfeeding, household smoking, neighborhood characteristics, and racial/ethnic composition of population on child health. Using aggregate data on children's health and well-being for 50 U.S. states derived from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH, 2005), we document the following results: (1) neighborhood characteristics are a more powerful predictor of children's health than income; (2) there is a large effect of mother's health on children's health; (3) the independent effect of income inequality on children's health vary across domains of child health...