SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Burtraw, Dallas; Palmer, Karen L.; Kahn, Danny.

Cap-and-trade programs for air emissions have become the widely accepted, preferred approach to cost-effective pollution reduction. One of the important design questions in a trading program is how to initially distribute the emissions allowances. Under the Acid Rain program created by Title IV of the Clean Air Act, most emissions allowances were distributed to current emitters on the basis of a historic measure of electricity generation in an approach known as grandfathering. Recent proposals have suggested two alternative approaches: allocation according to a formula that is updated over time according to some performance metric in a recent year (the share of electricity generation or something else) and auctioning allowances to the highest bidders....

Ancillary Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution in the United States from Moderate Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies in the Electricity Sector

Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Greenhouse gases; Climate change; Global warming; Carbon dioxide; Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Mercury; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10650

Association between NOx exposure and deaths caused by respiratory diseases in a medium-sized Brazilian city

Burtraw, Dallas; Krupnick, Alan J.; Palmer, Karen L.; Paul, Anthony; Toman, Michael; Bloyd, Cary.

This paper considers how moderate actions to slow atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel use also could reduce conventional air pollutants in the United States. The benefits that result would be "ancillary" to greenhouse gas abatement. Moreover, the benefits would tend to accrue locally and in the near term, while benefits from reduced climate change mostly accrue globally and over a time frame of several decades or longer. The previous literature suggests that changes in nitrogen oxides (NOx) would be the most important consequence of moderate carbon policies. We calculate these changes in a detailed electricity model linked to an integrated assessment framework to value changes in human health. A tax of $25 per metric ton of carbon...

Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation

Palavras-chave: Climate change; Greenhouse gas; Ancillary benefits; Air pollution; Co-control benefits; Nitrogen oxides; Sulfur dioxide; Carbon dioxide; Particulates; Health; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; I18; Q48.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10664

BJMBR

César,A. C. G.; Carvalho Jr.,J. A.; Nascimento,L. F. C..

Exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by burning fossil fuels has been associated with respiratory diseases. We aimed to estimate the effects of NOx exposure on mortality owing to respiratory diseases in residents of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil, of all ages and both sexes. This time-series ecological study from August 1, 2011 to July 31, 2012 used information on deaths caused by respiratory diseases obtained from the Health Department of Taubaté. Estimated daily levels of pollutants (NOx, particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide) were obtained from the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. These environmental variables were...

Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article

Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Nitrogen oxides; Respiratory diseases; Death.

Ano: 2015

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2015001201130

Cost-Effective Reduction of NOx Emissions from Electricity Generation

Burtraw, Dallas; Palmer, Karen L.; Bharvirkar, Ranjit; Paul, Anthony.

This paper analyzes the benefits and costs of policies to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions from electricity generation in the United States. Because emissions of NOX contribute to the high concentration of atmospheric ozone in the eastern states that is associated with health hazards, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has called on eastern states to formulate state implementation plans (SIPs) for reducing NOX emissions. Our analysis considers three NOX reduction scenarios: a summer seasonal cap in the eastern states covered by EPA's NOX SIP Call, an annual cap in the same SIP Call region, and a national annual cap. All scenarios allow for emissions trading. Although EPA's current policy is to implement a seasonal cap in the SIP Call...

Economics of Pollution Trading for SO2 and NOx

Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Electricity; Particulates; Nitrogen oxides; NOx; Health benefits; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q4.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10677

Burtraw, Dallas; Evans, David A.; Krupnick, Alan J.; Palmer, Karen L.; Toth, Russell.

For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments represents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. Subsequent urban and regional applications of NOx emission allowance trading took shape in the 1990s in the United States, culminating in a second large experiment in emission trading in the eastern United States that began in 2003. This paper provides an overview of the economic rationale for emission trading and a description of the major U.S. programs for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We evaluate these programs along measures of...

Efficient Emission Fees in the U.S. Electricity Sector

Palavras-chave: Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Emission trading; Power plants; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q25; Q28; D78.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10488

Banzhaf, H. Spencer; Burtraw, Dallas; Palmer, Karen L..

This paper provides new estimates of efficient emission fees for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions in the U.S. electricity sector. The estimates are obtained by coupling a detailed simulation model of the U.S. electricity markets with an integrated assessment model that links changes in emissions with atmospheric transport, environmental endpoints, and valuation of impacts. Efficient fees are found by comparing incremental benefits with emission fee levels. National quantity caps that are equivalent to these fees also are computed, and found to approximate caps under consideration in the current multi-pollutant debate in the U.S. Congress and the recent proposals from the Bush administration for the electricity industry. We also...

Emissão de N2O em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta e integração lavoura-pecuária

Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Emission fees; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Nitrogen oxides; NOx; Sulfur dioxide; SO2; Health benefits; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q4; D61.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10505

Emissão de N2O sob plantio direto com soja e milho no Cerrado.

CAVALCANTE, E.; OLIVEIRA, W. R. D.; CARVALHO, A. M. de; SILVA, R. R.; TIMÓTEO, L. G.; COSER, T. R.; RAMOS, M. L. G.; CARNEIRO, R.; MELO, C.; ZANSÁVIO, A. M. de O..

O N2O, dentre os gases de efeito estufa, é o que possui maior importância para o setor agropecuário devido às suas emissões estarem relacionadas com a dinâmica de nitrogênio (N) do solo. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as emissões de N2O de pastagens em Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP) e integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) entre renques de Eucalyptus grandis, além de Cerrado Nativo e pastagem degradada. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina-DF, em blocos casualizados e três repetições. A emissão de N2O foi avaliada utilizando-se câmaras estáticas fechadas. As maiores emissões foram observadas nas parcelas de ILP, com valores médios acima de 10 μg N m-2 h-1. O início do período chuvoso, em outubro de...

Tipo: Separatas

Palavras-chave: Emissão de gás; Óxido nitroso; Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta; Solo; Eucalipto; Efeito estufa; Nitrato; Cerrado; Soil; Eucalyptus; Greenhouse effect; Nitrogen oxides; Gas emissions; Savannas; Brazil.

Ano: 2014

URL: http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1014178

Emissão de óxido nitroso em latossolo sob cultivos de eucalipto e vegetação de Cerrado.

SANTOS, I. L.; OLIVEIRA, A. D. de; FIGUEIREDO, C. C.; LIMA, A. S.; SILVA, F. R. C.; MENDONÇA, S. R. L..

A agricultura é uma das principais contribuintes de fontes primárias antropogênicas de emissão de óxido nitroso para a atmosfera. Os sistemas de manejo do solo, vinculados ao incremento de fertilizantes nitrogenados interferem diretamente na ciclagem do nitrogênio. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a emissão de N2O no início do período chuvoso em sistema plantio direto cultivado com soja e milho e fertilização nitrogenada em um experimento com sucessão de culturas há dezenove anos no Cerrado. Para tanto, utilizou-se de uma área experimental com rotação anual soja-milho em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, localizada na Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF. No total foram realizadas 20 coletas de gases com o uso de câmaras estáticas nos...

Tipo: Separatas

Palavras-chave: Emissão de gás; Óxido nitroso; Fluxo de gases; Soybean.; Solo; Soja; Milho; Plantio direto; Fertilizante nitrogenado; Efeito Estufa; Cerrado; Zea Mays.; Soil; No-tillage; Nitrogen fertilizers; Nitrogen oxides; Gas emissions; Greenhouse effect; Savannas; Brazil; Gas production (biological)..

Ano: 2014

URL: http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1013991

PASSOS, M. C. dos; OLIVEIRA, A. D. de; RIBEIRO, F. C.; LIMA, A. S.; SILVA, F. R. da C.; MENDONÇA, S. R. L. de.

Os sistemas florestais são responsáveis por parte das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Dentre esses, destaca-se o óxido nitroso (N2O), que é um importante gás causador do efeito estufa. Devido sua capacidade de absorver energia, estabilidade na atmosfera e alta capacidade de reagir com a camada de ozônio. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar no início da época chuvosa, a emissão de N2O em plantios de eucalipto de diferentes idades e em mata nativa de cerrado, no Paranoá-DF. A emissão de N2O foi avaliada com câmaras estáticas no período de outubro a dezembro de 2013. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os maiores fluxos de N2O foram observados nos dias (18/10/2013, 11/11/2013 e 22/11/2013), para...

Tipo: Separatas

Palavras-chave: Emissão de gás; Óxido nitroso; Fluxo de gases; Solo; Eucalipto; Efeito estufa; Cerrado; Soil; Eucalyptus; Greenhouse effect; Nitrogen oxides; Gas emissions; Gas production (biological); Savannas; Brazil.

Ano: 2014

URL: http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1014008

Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Running Castor Biodiesel as a Blending Agent

CIGR Journal

Busari, Raheed Amao; Olaoye, Joshua Olanrewaju.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of castor biodiesel and its blends on the emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. The research work was carried out on a single cylinder, four-stroke, water cooled, direct injection diesel engine by using biodiesel made from castor oil, compared with conventional diesel. The fuels used in the analyses are B5, B10, B15, B20, B25, B50, B100 and convectional diesel. The compression ignition engine was operated by varying the loading conditions (0 – 6kW) in a step of 1kW. Based on the parameters measured, detailed analyses were carried out on five regulated exhaust emissions i.e. NOX, CO, CO2, O2, and HC. The results clearly indicated that the engine running with biodiesel and their...

Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article

Palavras-chave: Compression ignition engine; Castor biodiesel; Nitrogen oxides; Carbon dioxide; Oxygen and Carbon monoxide.

Ano: 2020

URL: http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/5598

Fluxos de óxido nitroso em latossolo sob cultivo de milho consorciado.

Investment in Electricity Transmission and Ancillary Environmental Benefits

COSER, T. R.; SANTOS, D. L. de A.; CAVALCANTE, E.; SILVA, J. E. da; RAMOS, M. L. G.; CARVALHO, A. M. de; FIGUEIREDO, C. C.; PINHEIRO, L. de A..

O óxido nitroso é um importante gás de efeito estufa, com potencial de aquecimento de até 310 vezes maior que o de uma molécula de dióxido de carbono. São necessários estudos sobre emissões de óxido nitroso em sistemas agrícolas, tendo em vista que estes são responsáveis por boa parte das emissões de gases de efeito estufa. A integração lavoura-pecuária e o consórcio entre culturas são sistemas de produção mais sustentáveis, principalmente devido à dinâmica de N. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre emissões de óxido nitroso nesse sistema no Cerrado. O objetivo desse trabalho foi de quantificar os fluxos de N2O em sistemas de produção de milho em consórcio com gramíneas forrageiras no Cerrado. O experimento foi estabelecido em 2007 em sistema plantio direto com os...

Tipo: Separatas

Palavras-chave: Emissão de gás; Óxido nitroso; Fluxo de gases.; Solo; Efeito estufa; Panicum maximum; Brachiaria humidicola; Milho; Cerrado; Zea Mays.; Soil; Greenhouse effect; Savannas; Nitrogen oxides; Gas emissions; Gas production (biological); Brazil..

Ano: 2014

URL: http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1014190

Bloyd, Cary; Bharvirkar, Ranjit; Burtraw, Dallas.

Planning of the electricity transmission system generally focuses on the pros and cons of providing generation close to the source of the power demand versus remote generation linked via the transmission system. Recent electricity supply problems in the western United States have renewed interest in the role of transmission in assuring the reliability of electricity supply. Recently, the Western Governors' Association led the development of a planning exercise that examined the tradeoffs over the next 10 years between locating new natural gas powered generation close to the load centers versus new coal, wind, hydro, and geothermal generation in remote areas. Although the analysis concentrated on the direct system costs, the choice of new generation will...

Nitrogênio e fluxos de óxido nitroso em sistemas agrícolas integrados e Cerrado nativo.

Palavras-chave: Electricity; Transmission; Air pollution; Ancillary benefits; Nitrogen oxides; Sulfur dioxide; Carbon dioxide; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L94; Q25; Q41.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10519

Nitrogênio mineral e fluxos de N2O em sistemas integrados no Cerrado.

SILVA, R. R.; CARVALHO, A. M. de; COSER, T. R.; TIMÓTEO, L. G.; RAMOS, M. L. G.; OLIVEIRA, W. R..

O N2O, dentre os gases de efeito estufa, é o que possui maior importância para o setor agropecuário devido às suas emissões estarem relacionadas com a dinâmica de nitrogênio que está diretamente associada às exigências desse nutriente pelos sistemas integrados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar nitrogênio mineral e fluxos de N2O no solo em sistemas ILPF intercalado com renques de Eucalyptus urograndis, ILP e Cerrado Nativo. O experimento foi implantado em Latossolo Vermelho, com blocos ao acaso e 3 repetições. As amostras foram coletadas em câmaras estáticas e as concentrações de N2O determinadas em cromatógrafo gasoso. A amostragem de solo foi realizada na camada de 0-5 cm. Os resultados demonstram picos de emissão no sistema ILP, que corresponderam...

Tipo: Separatas

Palavras-chave: Integração lavoura-pecuária floresta; Óxido nitroso; Fluxo de gases; Emissão de gás; Brasil.; Solo; Eucalipto; Nitrato; Nitrato de amônio; Nitrogênio; Efeito estufa; Cerrado; Soil; Eucalyptus; Greenhouse effect; Nitrogen oxides; Gas emissions; Gas production (biological); Savannas..

Ano: 2014

URL: http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1014032

Nitrous oxide emissions from soils under sugarcane fields in the Cerrado.

TIMÓTEO, L. G.; CARVALHO, A. M. de; COSER, T. R.; SILVA, R. R.; OLIVEIRA, W. R. D.; SILVA, V. X. S.; RAMOS, M. L. G..

O N2O, dentre os gases de efeito estufa, é o que possui maior importância para o setor agropecuário devido às suas emissões estarem relacionadas com a dinâmica e disponibilidade de nitrogênio (N) do solo nos agroecossistemas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as taxas de nitrogênio mineral em solo e os fluxos de N2O sob Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP), Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF), Cerradão e Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF), relacionando-os com precipitação pluviométrica, temperatura e umidade do solo. As coletas de N2O e de solo para o SAF foram realizadas em dois períodos, entre 19/03/2014 a 07/04/2014 e de 22/07/2014 à 24/07/2014 e para os outros sistemas integrados coletou-se no mesmo período do ano de 2013, em Planaltina, DF,...

Tipo: Separatas

Palavras-chave: Emissão de gás; Óxido nitroso; Fluxo de gases; Solo; Nitrogênio; Cerrado; Soil; Nitrogen; Nitrogen oxides; Gas emissions; Gas production (biological); Savannas; Brazil.

Ano: 2014

URL: http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1014203

Restructuring and the Cost of Reducing NOx Emissions in Electricity Generation

FONSECA DA SILVA, J.; CARVALHO, A. M. de; REIN, T. A.; ROCHA, R. B.; RIBEIRO JUNIOR, W. Q.; COOMES, D. A..

Soil fertilization with mineral nitrogen and organic fertilizers, such as the vinasse ? a liquid waste from bio-ethanol production, is a common practice on the sugarcane produced in Brazil that can lead to increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas even more harmful than the carbon dioxide (CO2), and has longer residence time in the atmosphere. The present study has been conducted on a sugarcane irrigated experiment established at the EMBRAPA Cerrados research station, in Brazil. We hypothesized that N2O emissions would be higher in the sugarcane fields, especially in the fertilized areas that combined mineral nitrogen (N) and vinasse (V), than in the native vegetation remnants (Cerrado); and that irrigated soils...

Tipo: Separatas

Palavras-chave: Emissão de gás; Óxido nitroso; Nitrogen fertilisers.; Solo; Cana de açúcar; Biocombustível; Fertilizante nitrogenado; Vinhaça; Cerrado; Soil; Sugarcane; Bioethanol; Vinasse; Gas emissions; Nitrogen oxides; Savannas; Brazil..

Ano: 2014

URL: http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1014212

Palmer, Karen L.; Burtraw, Dallas; Bharvirkar, Ranjit; Paul, Anthony.

We look at the effects of restructuring on three issues: (a) economic surplus and environmental quality, (b) the cost of NOx control policies and who bears the costs, and (c) the cost-effectiveness of a seasonal and an annual NOx cap in the SIP Call region. We find that without the NOx cap, nationwide restructuring leads to higher NOx and carbon emissions from the electricity sector. Adding either a seasonal or an annual NOx cap-and-trade regime in the eastern United States mitigates the increase in NOx emissions but has a much smaller effect on carbon emissions. The out-of-pocket compliance cost associated with achieving a seasonal or an annual NOx cap is moderately higher with nationwide restructuring than without, but the changes in economic surplus are...

The Costs and Benefits of Reducing Acid Rain

Palavras-chave: Electricity; Restructuring; Deregulation; Competition; Emissions trading; Particulates; Nitrogen oxides; NOx; Health benefits; Cost effectiveness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q4.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10549

Burtraw, Dallas; Krupnick, Alan J.; Mansur, Erin T.; Austin, David H.; Farrell, Deirdre.

Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments initiated a dramatic reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides by electric power plants. This paper presents the results of an integrated assessment of the benefits and costs of the program, using the Tracking and Analysis Framework (TAF) developed for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Although dramatic uncertainties characterize our estimates especially with respect to the benefits of the program, many of which we have modeled explicitly, we find that the benefits can be expected to substantially outweigh the costs of the emission reductions. The lion's share of benefits result from reduced risk of premature mortality, especially through reduced exposure to...

The Evolution of NOx Control Policy for Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States

Palavras-chave: Acid rain; Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Cost-benefit analysis; Clean Air Act; Title IV; Environmental Economics and Policy; H43; Q2; Q4.

Ano: 1997

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10692

Burtraw, Dallas; Evans, David A..

Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx ) contribute to formation of particulate matter and ozone, and also to acidification of the environment. The electricity sector is responsible for about 20% of NOx emissions in the United States, and the sector has been the target of both prescriptive (command-and-control) and flexible (cap-and-trade) approaches to regulation. We summarize the major NOx control policies affecting this sector, and provide some perspectives as to their effectiveness. While both prescriptive and flexible approaches continue to play an important role, significant new proposals have wholly embraced a cap-and-trade approach.

Uncertainty and the Cost-Effectiveness of Regional NOx Emissions Reductions from Electricity Generation

Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Ozone; Nitrogen oxides; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10645

Burtraw, Dallas; Bharvirkar, Ranjit; McGuinness, Meghan.

This paper analyzes uncertainties surrounding the benefits and costs of a policy to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions from electricity generation in the eastern United States. Under each of 18 scenarios examined, we find an annual policy would yield net benefits that are at least as great as those expected under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) currently planned seasonal policy. Preferred (midpoint) assumptions yield additional benefits of $724 million per year under an annual policy compared to a seasonal one (1997 dollars). The subset of 11 northeastern states benefit the most from an annual policy relative to a seasonal one, but relative net benefits are also positive in the remaining states in the region. An annual policy...