| Registro completo |
| Provedor de dados: |
OAK
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| País: |
Japan
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| Título: |
エチオピア中高地における定住化牧畜民の移動性と旱魃への対処戦略 : 北東部Afar 州と南部Oromia 州の事例
Mobility of settled pastoralists and their coping strategies against drought in the middle-highland area of Ethiopia : the case studies of Afar region, north-east of Ethiopia, and Oromia region, south of Ethiopia
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| Autores: |
平田, 昌弘
鬼木, 俊次
HIRATA, Masahiro
ONIKI, Shunji
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| Data: |
2012-10
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| Ano: |
2012
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| Palavras-chave: |
旱魃
牧畜
定住化
農耕開始
公共施設建設
Drought
Pastoralism
Settlement
Start of cultivation
Construction of public facility
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| Resumo: |
本稿は、異常気象や社会変化に対する牧畜民・半農半牧民の対応戦略を検討するための予備的調査として、1）牧畜民の定住化前・後の放牧形態を把握し、2）定住化の度合いが牧畜民や半農半牧民の旱魃への対処戦略にどのように影響しているかについて分析し、3）旱魃はどのような人々に最も影響を及ぼすかを特定することを目的とした。 調査は、エチオピア北東部のAfar州第2地区Abala郡と、南部のOromia州Borena地区Yabelo郡・Dire郡の2カ所の中高地域において、2012年2月14日〜3月1日にかけて合計9 つの村で観察とインタビューとをおこなった。 Afar牧畜民もBorena牧畜民も、定住する前は、家族全員が全家畜を伴って季節移動していた。乾期には小川など 表層水を利用できる場所で、雨期には降水で水溜りができた水資源を狙って移動し、その周辺の草資源を放牧利用していた。牧畜民の定住化は、農耕の開始、小学校・給水施設（井戸など）・家畜病院などの公共施設建設の影響によって進行していった。定住化しても、ウシのみは季節移動を青年が継続しておこない、青年以外の世帯成員は定住村にラクダ・ヤギ・ヒツジと一緒に通年留まるようになった。旱魃が発生した場合は、家畜への被害を最小限に留めるために、その旱魃の場所からウシを避難させる戦略がとられていた。甚大な旱魃が発生した場合は、ウシだけでなく、ラクダ・ヤギ・ヒツジをも連れ、家族全員でより草資源の良い放牧地へと避難するという。ここに、定住しても農業をおこなわない牧畜民、定住して農耕を開始しても移動性を高く保持した半農半牧民の強みがある。異常が発生した時こそ、この「高い移動性」の利点がある。一方、定住性の強い半農半牧世帯の人々は、大旱魃が発生しても、ウシを避難させるのみであるという。ラクダ・ヤギ・ヒツジ、および、人々も、大旱魃で定住村周辺に草資源も水資源もなくなっても動かないという。このような定住性が進展した世帯こそが、旱魃に対して脆弱であり、被害を最も受ける人々と考えられた。牧畜民の中で最初に農耕を始めたのは、貧しい牧畜民たちであった。旱魃に より、移動することもできず、旱魃の影響をそのまま受けてしまい、貧しい牧畜民はより貧しくなっていった。旱魃の犠牲者は、半農半牧化し定住性の高まった貧しい牧畜民層であると推測された。 As the preliminary study about the coping strategies of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists against extreme weather events and/or social changes in the middle-highland area of Ethiopia, the survey was conducted in the total 9 villages within Abala district, Zone 2, Afar region, north-east Ethiopia, and Yabelo and Dire districts, Borena zone, Oromia region, south Ethiopia from 1 March to 14 February, 2012, to 1)understand the changes of migration pattern in pre- and post-settlement, 2) analyze how the degree of sedentarization affects coping strategies of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists against the drought, 3)identify the group who receive the drought influences more. The Afar pastoralist and Borena pastoralist tookthe rotational movement with all household members and their all livestock. They moved seasonally betweenthe rangeland where surface water was available such as water stream and/or spring during the dry season, and the rangeland where swims emerged by precipitation were available during the rainy season, and used plant resources around water places for livestock grazing. The sedentarization of pastoralists were extended by the start of cultivation and construction of public facilities such as elementary schools, water facilities, animal clinics for animal and human being. Even if they settled down, only cattle continued to be moved seasonally led by young man. The other household members became to stay at the settlement through the year and take care of other livestock, camel, sheep and goat, around the settlement. When the drought occurs, they are takingsuch the coping strategy as to evacuate cattle from their place to another safety place in order to minimize the damage to livestock. If the serious drought occurs, they will take all livestock with all household members to evacuate to better rangeland. This is the merit of pastoralist who don’t take any crop cultivation and/or agro-pastoralist who keep high mobility even if they startedthe cultivation and settled down. It is the advantages that they keep this ‘high mobility’ when the extreme weather event happen. On the other hand, the agro-pastoralist who strongly depends on the settlement evacuates only cattle by the young men even in the event of severe drought. Even if the resources of plants and water finish around the settlement by the severe drought, other household members don’t escape and don’t take their livestock, camel, sheep and goat, to another safety area. It wasconsidered that the agro-pastoralist who depend largely on the settlement is vulnerable to the drought and receivesits damage most. The poor pastoralist firstly started the cultivation. The poor agro-pastoralist became the poorer because of no evacuation against the drought and then receiving its damage directly. It was estimated that the victim of the drought is the highly sedentary-dependent agropastoralist.
http://www.obihiro.ac.jp/~library/kenkyu.html
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| Idioma: |
Japonês
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| Identificador: |
帯大研報
http://ir.obihiro.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10322/3536
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| Editor: |
帯広畜産大学
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| Formato: |
application/pdf
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| Direitos: |
帯広畜産大学
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