| Registro completo |
| Provedor de dados: |
ArchiMer
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| País: |
France
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| Título: |
State of the Climate in 2017
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| Autores: |
Arndt, D. S.
Blunden, J.
Hartfield, G.
Ackerman, Steven A.
Adler, Robert
Alfaro, Eric J.
Allan, Richard P.
Allan, Rob
Alves, Lincoln M.
Amador, Jorge A.
Andreassen, L. M.
Argueez, Anthony
Arndt, Derek S.
Azorin-molina, Cesar
Baez, Julian
Bardin, M. U.
Barichivich, Jonathan
Baringer, Molly O.
Barreira, Sandra
Baxter, Stephen
Beck, H. E.
Becker, Andreas
Bedka, Kristopher M.
Bell, Gerald D.
Belmont, M.
Benedetti, Angela
Berrisford, Paul
Berry, David I.
Bhatt, U. S.
Bissolli, Peter
Bjerke, J.
Blake, Eric S.
Bosilovich, Michael G.
Boucher, Olivier
Box, J. E.
Boyer, Tim
Braathen, Geir O.
Bromwich, David H.
Brown, R.
Buehler, S.
Bulygina, Olga N.
Burgess, D.
Calderon, Blanca
Camargo, Suzana J.
Campbell, Jayaka D.
Cappelen, J.
Carrea, Laura
Carter, Brendan R.
Chambers, Don P.
Cheng, Ming-dean
Christiansen, Hanne H.
Christy, John R.
Chung, E. -s.
Clem, Kyle R.
Coelho, Caio A. S.
Coldewey-egbers, Melanie
Colwell, Steve
Cooper, Owen R.
Copland, L.
Crouch, Jake
Davis, Sean M.
De Eyto, Elvira
De Jeu, Richard A. M.
De Laat, Jos
Degasperi, Curtis L.
Degenstein, Doug
Demircan, M.
Derksen, C.
Di Girolamo, Larry
Diamond, Howard J.
Dlugokencky, Ed J.
Dohan, Kathleen
Dokulil, Martin T.
Dolman, A. Johannes
Domingues, Catia M.
Donat, Markus G.
Dong, Shenfu
Dorigo, Wouter A.
Drozdov, D. S.
Dunn, Robert J. H.
Dutton, Geoff S.
Elkharrim, M.
Elkins, James W.
Epstein, H. E.
Espinoza, Jhan C.
Famiglietti, James S.
Farrell, S.
Fausto, R. S.
Feely, Richard A.
Feng, Z.
Fenimore, Chris
Fettweis, X.
Fioletov, Vitali E.
Flemming, Johannes
Fogt, Ryan L.
Folland, Chris
Forbes, B. C.
Foster, Michael J.
Francis, S. D.
Franz, Bryan A.
Frey, Richard A.
Frith, Stacey M.
Froidevaux, Lucien
Ganter, Catherine
Gerland, S.
Gilson, John
Gobron, Nadine
Goldenberg, Stanley B.
Goni, Gustavo
Grooss, J. -u.
Gruber, Alexander
Guard, Charles
Gupta, S. K.
Gutierrez, J. M.
Haas, C.
Hagos, S.
Hahn, Sebastian
Haimberger, Leo
Hall, Brad D.
Halpert, Michael S.
Hamlington, Benjamin D.
Hanna, E.
Hanssen-bauer, I
Harris, Ian
Heidinger, Andrew K.
Heim, Richard R., Jr.
Hendricks, S.
Hernandez, Marieta
Hernandez, Rafael
Hidalgo, Hugo G.
Ho, Shu-peng
Hobbs, William R.
Huang, Boyin
Hurst, Dale F.
Ialongo, I.
Ijampy, J. A.
Inness, Antje
Isaksen, K.
Ishii, Masayoshi
Jevrejeva, Svetlana
Jimenez, C.
Jin Xiangze,
John, Viju
Johns, William E.
Johnsen, B.
Johnson, Bryan
Johnson, Gregory C.
Johnson, Kenneth S.
Jones, Philip D.
Jumaux, Guillaume
Kabidi, Khadija
Kaiser, J. W.
Kato, Seiji
Kazemi, A.
Keller, Linda M.
Kennedy, John
Kerr, Kenneth
Kholodov, A. L.
Khoshkam, Mahbobeh
Killick, Rachel
Kim, Hyungjun
Kim, S. -j.
Klotzbach, Philip J.
Knaff, John A.
Kohler, J.
Korhonen, Johanna
Korshunova, Natalia N.
Kramarova, Natalya
Kratz, D. P.
Kruger, Andries
Kruk, Michael C.
Krumpen, T.
Lakatos, M.
Lakkala, K.
Lander, Mark A.
Landschuetzer, Peter
Landsea, Chris W.
Lankhorst, Matthias
Lazzara, Matthew A.
Leuliette, Eric
L'Heureux, Michelle
Lieser, Jan L.
Lin, I-i
Liu, Hongxing
Liu, Yinghui
Locarnini, Ricardo
Loeb, Norman G.
Long, Craig S.
Lorrey, Andrew M.
Loyola, Diego
Lumpkin, Rick
Luo, Jing-jia
Luojus, K.
Lyman, John M.
Macias-fauria, M.
Malkova, G. V.
Manney, G.
Marchenko, S. S.
Marengo, Jose A.
Marra, John J.
Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz
Martens, B.
Martinez-gueingla, Rodney
Massom, Robert A.
May, Linda
Mayer, Michael
Mazloff, Matthew
Mcbride, Charlotte
Mccabe, M. F.
Mccarthy, M.
Mcvicar, Tim R.
Mears, Carl A.
Meier, W.
Mekonnen, A.
Mengistu Tsidu, G.
Menzel, W. Paul
Merchant, Christopher J.
Meredith, Michael P.
Merrifield, Mark A.
Miralles, Diego G.
Mitchum, Gary T.
Mitro, Srkani
Monselesan, Didier
Montzka, Stephen A.
Mora, Natalie
Morice, Colin
Mote, T.
Mudryk, L.
Muehle, Jens
Mullan, A. Brett
Mueller, R.
Nash, Eric R.
Nerem, R. Steven
Newman, Louise
Newman, Paul A.
Nieto, Juan Jose
Noetzli, Jeannette
O'Neel, S.
Osborn, Tim J.
Overland, J.
Oyunjargal, Lamjav
Park, E-hyung
Pasch, Richard J.
Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo
Paterson, Andrew M.
Pearce, Petra R.
Pelto, Mauri S.
Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E.
Perovich, D.
Petropavlovskikh, Irina
Pezza, Alexandre B.
Phillips, C.
Phillips, David
Phoenix, G.
Pinty, Bernard
Rajeevan, Madhavan
Rayner, Darren
Raynolds, M. K.
Reagan, James
Reid, Phillip
Reimer, Christoph
Remy, Samuel
Revadekar, Jayashree V.
Richter-menge, J.
Rimmer, Alon
Robinson, David A.
Rodell, Matthew
Romanovsky, Vladimir E.
Ronchail, Josyane
Rosenlof, Karen H.
Roth, Chris
Rusak, James A.
Sallee, Jean-bapiste
Sanchez-lugo, Ahira
Santee, Michelle L.
Sawaengphokhai, P.
Sayouri, Amal
Scambos, Ted A.
Schladow, S. Geoffrey
Schmid, Claudia
Schmid, Martin
Schreck, Carl J., Iii
Schuur, Ted
Selkirk, H. B.
Send, Uwe
Sensoy, Serhat
Sharp, M.
Shi, Lei
Shiklomanov, Nikolai I.
Shimaraeva, Svetlana V.
Siegel, David A.
Signorini, Sergio R.
Sima, Fatou
Simmons, Adrian J.
Smeed, David A.
Smeets, C. J. P. P.
Smith, Adam
Smith, Sharon L.
Soden, B.
Spence, Jaqueline M.
Srivastava, A. K.
Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr.
Stammerjohn, Sharon
Steinbrecht, Wolfgang
Stella, Jose L.
Stephenson, Tannecia S.
Strahan, Susan
Streletskiy, Dimitri A.
Sun-mack, Sunny
Swart, Sebastiaan
Sweet, William
Tamar, Gerard
Taylor, Michael A.
Tedesco, M.
Thoman, R. L.
Thompson, L.
Thompson, Philip R.
Timmermans, M. -l.
Tobin, Skie
Trachte, Katja
Trewin, Blair C.
Trotman, Adrian R.
Tschudi, M.
Van As, D.
Van De Wal, R. S. W.
Van Der Schalie, Robin
Van Der Schrier, Gerard
Van Der Werf, Guido R.
Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J.
Velicogna, I.
Verburg, Piet
Vincent, Lucie A.
Voemel, Holger
Vose, Russell S.
Wagner, Wolfgang
Walker, D. A.
Walsh, J.
Wang, Bin
Wang, Chunzai
Wang, Junhong
Wang, Lei
Wang, M.
Wang, Sheng-hung
Wanninkhof, Rik
Watanabe, Shohei
Weber, Mark
Weller, Robert A.
Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.
Whitewood, Robert
Wiese, David N.
Wijffels, Susan E.
Wilber, Anne C.
Wild, Jeanette D.
Willett, Kate M.
Willis, Josh K.
Wolken, G.
Wong, Takmeng
Wood, E. F.
Woolway, R. Iestyn
Wouters, B.
Xue, Yan
Yin, Xungang
Yu, Lisan
Zambrano, Eduardo
Zhang, Huai-min
Zhang, Peiqun
Zhao, Guanguo
Zhao, Lin
Ziemke, Jerry R.
Abernethy, R.
Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina
Aldeco, Laura S.
Aliaga-nestares, Vannia
Anderson, John
Armitage, C.
Avalos, Grinia
Behe, Carolina
Bellouin, Nicolas
Bernhard, G. H.
Blenkinsop, Stephen
Bolmgren, K.
Bouchon, Marilu
Campbell, Ethan C.
Castro, Anabel
Costanza, Carol
Covey, Curt
Coy, Lawrence
Cronin, T.
Cruzado, Luis
Daniel, Raychelle
Davletshin, S. G.
De La Cour, Jacqueline L.
Deline, P.
Dewitte, Boris
Dhurmea, R.
Dickerson, C.
Domingues, Ricardo
Durre, Imke
Eakin, C. Mark
Farmer, J.
Fauchald, P.
Geiger, Erick F.
Gomez, Andrea M.
Gugliemin, Mario
Hansen, K.
Helfrich, S.
Hemming, D. L.
Heron, Scott F.
Heuze, C.
Horstkotte, T.
Hubert, Daan
Hueuze, Celine
Ibrahim, M. M.
Isaac, Victor
Jacobs, Stephanie J.
Jeffries, Martin O.
Karakoylu, Erdem M.
Khan, M. S.
Ladd, C.
Lavado-casimiro, Waldo
Lee, S. -e
Lee, T. C.
Li, Bailing
Li, Tim
Lopez, Luis A.
Luthcke, S.
Marcellin, Vernie
Marin, Dora
Marsh, Benjamin L.
Martin, A
Martinez, Alejandra G.
Martinez-sanchez, Odalys
Meijers, Andrew J. S.
Miller, Ben
Moat, Ben
Mochizuki, Y.
Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi
Mostafa, Awatif E.
Nielsen-gammon, John W.
Noll, Ben E.
Osborne, Emily
Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion
Paulik, Christoph
Peltier, Alexandre
Pinzon, J.
Po-chedley, S.
Polashenski, C.
Purkey, Sarah G.
Quispe, Nelson
Rakotoarimalala, C.
Richardson, A. D.
Ricker, R
Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto
Rosner, Benjamin
Roth, David Mark
Rutishauser, T.
Sasgen, L.
Sayad, T. A.
Scanlon, T.
Schenzinger, Verena
Silow, Eugene
Skirving, William J.
Sofieva, Viktoria
Sparks, T. H.
Spillane, Sandra
Stanitski, Diane M.
Stengel, M.
Stephenson, Kimberly
Strong, Alan E.
Sutton, Adrienne J.
Takahashi, Kenneth S.
Thackeray, S. J.
Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T.
Timbal, Bertrand
Timofeyev, Maxim A.
Tirak, Kyle, V
Togawa, H.
Tommervik, H.
Tourpali, Kleareti
Trinanes, Joaquin A.
Tucker, C. J.
Tye, Mari R.
Van Der A, Ronald J.
Velden, Christopher S.
Vickers, H.
Webster, M.
Westberry, Toby K.
Widlansky, Matthew J.
Wood, K.
Yoon, Huang
York, A.
Zhu, Zhiwei
Ziel, R.
Ziese, Markus G.
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| Data: |
2018-08
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| Ano: |
2018
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| Resumo: |
In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982–present). According to paleoclimate studies, today’s abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981–2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0–700- m and 0–2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h−1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region’s driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991.
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| Tipo: |
Text
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| Idioma: |
Inglês
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| Identificador: |
https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81163.pdf
https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81164.pdf
DOI:10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/
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| Editor: |
Amer Meteorological Soc
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| Formato: |
application/pdf
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| Fonte: |
Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society (0003-0007) (Amer Meteorological Soc), 2018-08 , Vol. 99 , N. 8 , P. S1-S310
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| Direitos: |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
restricted use
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