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Registros recuperados: 34
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Karyotype characterization and evolution of chromosome number in Cactaceae with special emphasis on subfamily Cactoideae Acta Botanica
Castro,Juliana P.; Moraes,Ana Paula; Chase,Mark W.; Santos,Angeline M. S.; Batista,Fabiane R. C.; Felix,Leonardo P..
ABSTRACT Cactaceae species are karyotypically well-known with x = 11 and chromosome number variation due mainly to polyploidization. However, both assumptions are based on descriptive observations without taking an evolutionary framework of Cactaceae into account. Aiming to confirm these hypotheses in an evolutionary context, we obtained chromosome numbers for 20 species of Cactoideae, performed an extensive review of chromosome number for the family, and analyzed these data using a phylogenetic approach. The karyotypes presented here were characterized by CMA/DAPI banding, and for six species 5S and 45S rDNA sites were located. Our data, along with a survey of the literature, reinforce the long-standing hypothesis of a x = 11 as the base chromosome number...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Base chromosome number; CMA/DAPI; Dysploidy; Heterochromatin; Polyploidy; RDNA.
Ano: 2020 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062020000100135
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Evidence of separate karyotype evolutionary pathway in Euglossa orchid bees by cytogenetic analyses Anais da ABC (AABC)
FERNANDES,ANDERSON; WERNECK,HUGO A.; POMPOLO,SILVIA G.; LOPES,DENILCE M..
Euglossini are solitary bees considered important pollinators of many orchid species. Information regarding chromosome organization is available for only a small number of species in this group. In the present work, the species Euglossa townsendi and E. carolina were analyzed by cytogenetic techniques to collect information that may aid the understanding of their evolution and chromosomal organization. The chromosome number found was n = 21 for males and 2n = 42 for females in the two species. The distribution and amount of heterochromatin regions differed in the two species analyzed, where they were classified as “high” or “low” heterochromatin content, similarly to what has already been performed in social bee species of the genus Melipona. Banding...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cytogenetics; Euglossini; Heterochromatin; Karyotypic evolution.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652013000300937
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Chromosome differentiation in three species of Leptostemonum (Solanum, Solanaceae) endemic to oceanic islands Boletín de la Sociedad
Chiarini,Franco E; Gauthier,Martha J.
The chromosomes of Solanum nelsonii, S. sandwicense (endemic to the Hawaii islands) and S. vespertilio (from the Canary islands) were studied by means of classical staining, CMA/DAPI banding and FISH with probes for the 18-5.8-26S and 5S rDNA genes. The aim of this study was to test for chromosomal changes (chromosome number, karyotype, heterochromatin pattern, rDNA loci) during the evolution of these taxa with respect to their continental relatives. An apparent chromosome stasis was confirmed in all three species, in regards to chromosome number and karyotype morphology. However, there was also evidence of cryptic, cumulative sequence changes. Speciation in these species is not likely associated with large, obvious chromosome rearrangements or polyploidy,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Chromosome stasis; Heterochromatin; Ribosomal DNA; Solanum subgen; Leptostemonum.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1851-23722016000200009
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Cytogenetic characterization of two species of Frieseomelitta Ihering, 1912 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) Genet. Mol. Biol.
Carvalho,Antônio F.; Costa,Marco Antônio.
The cytogenetic analysis of Frieseomelitta dispar and F. francoi revealed the chromosome numbers 2n = 30 and n = 15 and a karyotypic formula 2K = 4M+2Mt+4A+20A M. The number of chromosomes observed was consistent with those reported for other Frieseomelitta species. The occurrence of the Mt chromosome and other features of the karyotype formulae suggest a close relationship between F. dispar, F. francoi and F. varia. Nevertheless, it was possible to differentiate the karyotypes of the species by DAPI/CMA3 staining, which revealed GC-rich regions on two chromosome pairs of F. dispar: one acrocentric and one pseudoacrocentric. In F. francoi, the same kinds of regions were observed on a pair of metacentrics and on a pair of acrocentrics. Our analysis also...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Hymenoptera; Frieseomelitta; Interspecific differentiation; C-banding; Heterochromatin.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572011000200012
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Satellite DNA sites in four species of the genus Astyanax (Teleostei, Characiformes) Genet. Mol. Biol.
Kavalco,Karine Frehner; Pazza,Rubens; Bertollo,Luiz Antonio Carlos; Moreira-Filho,Orlando.
Cytogenetic data about satellite DNA distribution in four Astyanax species (Characidae) from the Paraitinga river, Paraíba do Sul river basin, Brazil, are presented. In order to characterize the constitutive heterochromatin, C-banding, chromomycin A3 and DAPI fluorescence staining, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the satellite DNA As-51 probe were performed. A. scabripinnis and A. parahybae presented 2n = 50 and 2n = 48 chromosomes, respectively. The heterochromatin was located in the pericentromeric and terminal regions of many chromosomes, corresponding to GC-positive regions and to the As-51 satellite DNA in terminal regions. A. intermedius and A. giton, both with 2n = 50 chromosomes, showed little heterochromatin, mostly...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Astyanax; Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); Heterochromatin; Karyotypic diversity; Satellite DNA.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572007000400005
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Chromosomal evidence of population subdivision in the freshwater fish Leporinus elongatus in the Upper Paraná River basin Genet. Mol. Biol.
Molina,Wagner Franco; Shibatta,Oscar; Galetti Jr.,Pedro Manoel.
Cytogenetic analyses performed in populations of the Neotropical freshwater fish Leporinus elongatus of the Upper Paraná River basin showed a chromosome polymorphism involving heterochromatic segments of the nucleolar organizing pair in this species. The NOR-bearing chromosome pair was characterized by two phenotypes identified by the absence (C¹) or presence (C²) of a heterochromatic segment located in an interstitial position of the long arm in this pair. The meiotic segregation of these variations results in three distinct cytotypes, C¹C¹, C¹C² and C²C². Both populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Sex-related cytotype divergence was identified and multivariate analyses revealed that the C²C² individuals presented morphometric differentiation...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Characiformes; Anostomidae; Heterochromatin; Chromosome polymorphism.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572008000200020
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Cytogenetic studies in six species of Scinax (Anura, Hylidae) clade Scinax ruber from northern and northeastern Brazil Genet. Mol. Biol.
Nogueira,Lídia; Zanoni,Juliani Bruna; Solé,Mirco; Affonso,Paulo Roberto Antunes de Mello; Siqueira,Sérgio; Sampaio,Iracilda.
Scinax species are still underrepresented in cytogenetic studies, mainly with respect to populations from northeastern and northern Brazil. In this study, we provide new chromosomal information on Scinax boesemani, S. camposseabrai, S. garbei, S. pachycrus, S. trilineatus and S. x-signatus, all belonging to clade S. ruber. They were collected at two locations in the Caatinga biome (northeastern Brazil) and at one in the Amazon (northern Brazil) biomes. Chromosomes were analyzed by conventional staining, C-banding, Ag-NOR staining, and fluorochrome staining. All species shared a modal diploid value of 2n = 24 and fundamental arm number (FN) of 48. Moreover, both chromosomal size and morphology were similar to other species in this Scinax clade. C-banding...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Amphibians; Chromosomes; Fluorochromes; Heterochromatin; RDNA.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572015000200156
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B chromosomes in a population of Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Characiformes, Characidae) from the Araguari River Basin (Uberlândia, MG, Brazil) Genet. Mol. Biol.
Torres-Mariano,Alessandra Ribeiro; Morelli,Sandra.
A cytogenetic study was conducted on an Astyanax eigenmanniorum population from the Caetano Stream (18° 44' 56" S/ 048° 18' 39" W) - in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil - showing a modal diploid number of 48 chromosomes in the standard male and female karyotypes. However, in several specimens it was also possible to observe metaphases with one or two B chromosomes, increasing the diploid number to 49 or 50 chromosomes, respectively. The supernumerary chromosomes were totally heterochromatic and highlighted after C-banding. The silver-stained nucleolus organizing regions (Ag-NORs) were located in at least five chromosomes of the standard karyotype, thus characterizing a multiple NOR system in the species. This is the first occurrence of an A. eigenmanniorum...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Characidae; Astyanax eigenmanniorum; Supernumerary chromosome; Heterochromatin; Nucleolus organizing regions (NORs).
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572008000200015
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Heterochromatin diversity and its co-localization with 5S and 45S rDNA sites in chromosomes of four Maxillaria species (Orchidaceae) Genet. Mol. Biol.
Cabral,Juliano S.; Felix,Leonardo P.; Guerra,Marcelo.
We investigated four orchids of the genus Maxillaria (M. discolor, M. acicularis, M. notylioglossa and M. desvauxiana) in regard to the position of heterochromatin blocks as revealed using chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorochrome staining and 5S and 45S rDNA sites using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The species showed differences in chromosome number and a diversified pattern of CMA+ and DAPI+ bands, including heteromorphism for CMA+ bands. The 5S and 45S rDNA sites also varied in number and most of them were co-localized with CMA+ bands. The relationship between 5S rDNA sites and CMA+ bands was more evident in M. notylioglossa, in which the brighter CMA+ bands were associated with large 5S rDNA sites....
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Heterochromatin; CMA and DAPI; 45S and 5S rDNA; Maxillaria.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572006000400015
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Chromatin differentiation between Theobroma cacao L. and T. grandiflorum Schum Genet. Mol. Biol.
Dantas,Liliane G.; Guerra,Marcelo.
A comparative analysis of mitotic chromosomes of Theobroma cacao (cacao) and T. grandiflorum (cupuaçu) was performed aiming to identify cytological differences between the two most important species of this genus. Both species have symmetric karyotypes, with 2n = 20 metacentric chromosomes ranging in size from 2.00 to 1.19 µm (cacao) and from 2.21 to 1.15 mm (cupuaçu). The interphase nuclei of both species were of the arreticulate type, displaying up to 20 chromocentres, which were more regularly shaped in cacao than in cupuaçu. Prophase chromosomes of both species were more condensed in the proximal region, sometimes including the whole short arm. Both species exhibited only one pair of terminal heterochromatic bands, positively stained with chromomycin...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cacao; Cupuaçu; Heterochromatin; Karyotype; RDNA sites; Theobroma.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572010000100017
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Karyotype and genome size comparative analyses among six species of the oilseed-bearing genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) Genet. Mol. Biol.
Marinho,Anne C.T.A.; Vasconcelos,Santelmo; Vasconcelos,Emanuelle V.; Marques,Daniela A.; Benko-Iseppon,Ana Maria; Brasileiro-Vidal,Ana Christina.
Abstract Jatropha is an important genus of Euphorbiaceae, with species largely used for various purposes, including the manufacturing of soaps and pharmaceutical products and applications in the bioenergetic industry. Although there have been several studies focusing J. curcas in various aspects, the karyotype features of Jatropha species are poorly known. Therefore, we analyzed six Jatropha species through fluorochrome staining (CMA/DAPI), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S and 45S rDNA probes and genome size estimation by flow cytometry. Our results revealed several chromosome markers by both CMA/DAPI and FISH for the analyzed species. Five Jatropha species (J. curcas, J. gossypiifolia, J. integerrima, J. multifida and J. podagrica) showed...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cytotaxonomy; DNA C-value; Heterochromatin; Physic nut; RDNA.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572018000300442
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Comparative cytogenetics in three Melipona species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with two divergent heterochromatic patterns Genet. Mol. Biol.
Cunha,Marina Souza da; Travenzoli,Natália Martins; Ferreira,Riudo de Paiva; Cassinela,Edson Kuatelela; Silva,Henrique Barbosa da; Oliveira,Francisco Plácido Magalhães; Salomão,Tânia Maria Fernandes; Lopes,Denilce Meneses.
Abstract The genus Melipona is subdivided into four subgenera based on morphological characteristics, and two groups based on cytogenetic patterns. The cytogenetic information on this genus is still scarce, therefore, the goal of this study was to characterize Melipona paraensis, Melipona puncticollis, and Melipona seminigra pernigra using the following techniques: C-banding, DAPI/CMA3 fluorochromes, and FISH with an 18S rDNA probe. Melipona paraensis (2n=18) and M. seminigra pernigra (2n=22) were classified as high heterochromatin content species (Group II). Their euchromatin is restricted to the ends of the chromosomes and is CMA3+; the 18S rDNA probe marked chromosome pair number 4. Melipona puncticollis (2n=18) is a low heterochromatin content species...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Chromosomal evolution; DAPI/CMA3 fluorochromes; Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH); Heterochromatin; Meliponini.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572018000500806
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A remarkable autosomal heteromorphism in Pseudoryzomys simplex 2n = 56; FN = 54-55 (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) Genet. Mol. Biol.
Moreira,Camila Nascimento; Di-Nizo,Camilla Bruno; Silva,Maria José de Jesus; Yonenaga-Yassuda,Yatiyo; Ventura,Karen.
Pseudoryzomys simplex, the false rice rat, is a monotypic genus of the Oryzomyini tribe (Sigmodontinae) distributed in part of Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil. Its diploid number has been described as 56 acrocentric chromosomes decreasing in size and no karyotype figure has been depicted. Herein, we present karyotypic data on P. simplex, including chromosome banding and molecular fluorescent in situ hybridization using telomeric sequences and the whole X-chromosome of its sister clade Holochilus brasiliensis (HBR) as probes. A case of remarkable autosomal heteromorphism due to the presence of a whole heterochromatic arm leading to the variability of FN is reported, as well as the occurrence of regions of homology between the X and Y chromosomes...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cytogenetics; Fluorescent in situ hybridization; Heterochromatin; Oryzomyini.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572013000200010
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The karyotype of Nothoscordum arenarium Herter (Gilliesioideae, Alliaceae): a populational and cytomolecular analysis Genet. Mol. Biol.
Souza,Luiz G.R.; Crosa,Orfeo; Winge,Helga; Guerra,Marcelo.
The genus Nothoscordum Kunth comprises approximately 20 species native to South America. Karyologically, the genus is remarkable for its large chromosomes and Robertsonian translocations. Variation in chromosome number has been recorded in a few polyploid species and it is unknown among diploids. This study presents the chromosome number and morphology of 53 individuals of seven populations of N. arenarium Herter (2n = 10). In addition, karyotype analyses after C-banding, staining with CMA and DAPI, and in situ hybridization with 5S and 45S rDNA probes were performed in six individuals from one population. All individuals exhibited 2n = 10 (6M + 4A), except for one tetraploid (2n = 20, 12M + 8A) and one triploid (2n = 15, 9M + 6A) plant. C-banding revealed...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: CMA/DAPI staining; 5S and 45S rDNA; Heterochromatin; Nothoscordum; Robertsonian translocation.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572009000100016
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A karyotypic study of three southern Brazilian Asteraceae species using fluorescence in situ hybridization with a 45S rDNA probe and C-CMA3 banding Genet. Mol. Biol.
Fregonezi,Jéferson N.; Torezan,José M.D.; Vanzela,André L.L..
The Asteraceae, one of the largest families of flowering plants, contains about 1,100 genera and 20,000 species, and is well known for its extensive karyotypic variation. In this study, conventional Feulgen staining, C-CMA3 banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization with a 45S rDNA probe were used to determine the chromosome number and the number and physical position of GC-rich heterochromatin and 45S rDNA sites in three Asteraceae weed species (Crepis japonica, Galinsoga parviflora and Chaptalia nutans). The three species exhibited karyotype differences in the chromosome number and shape, as a commom feature of Asteraceae. However, the 45S rDNA sites always occurred on the short chromosomal arms, associated with GC-heterochromatin. Althought of...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: CMA3; FISH; Heterochromatin; Polyploidy; 45S rDNA.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572004000200016
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Karyotype relationships among Anastrepha bistrigata, A. striata and A. serpentina (Diptera, Tephritidae) Genet. Mol. Biol.
Selivon,Denise; Sipula,Fabiana Maria; Rocha,Lincoln S.; Perondini,André Luiz P..
The species of Anastrepha are arranged into 17 intrageneric groups. Recently, it was proposed that two species of the striata group, Anastrepha striata and A. bistrigata, might be realocated to serpentina group. Anastrepha bistrigata and A. serpentina have an X1X2Y/X1X1 X2X2 sex chromosome system while A. striata has a XY/XX system. It was previously proposed that the karyotype of A. bistrigata could be derived from that of A. striata by an Y:A fusion, and that the karyotype of A. serpentina would be derived from another, hypothetical karyotype. In the present report sequential staining with DAPI and chromomycin A3 (CMA3), followed by C-banding, revealed that the C-banded heterochromatic blocks of the sex chromosomes of A. bistrigata have different...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Flies; Mitotic chromosomes; Fluorochromes; Heterochromatin.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572007000600009
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Karyotype differentiation of four Cestrum species (Solanaceae) revealed by fluorescent chromosome banding and FISH Genet. Mol. Biol.
Fernandes,Thiago; Rego,Letícia do Nascimento Andrade de Almeida; Nardy,Mariana; Yuyama,Priscila Mary; Vanzela,André Luís Laforga.
The karyotypes of four South American species of Cestrum (C. capsulare, C. corymbosum, C. laevigatum and C. megalophylum) were studied using conventional staining, C-CMA/DAPI chromosome banding and FISH with 45S and 5S rDNA probes. The karyotypes showed a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16, with metacentric chromosomes, except for the eighth submeta- to acrocentric pair. Several types of heterochromatin were detected, which varied in size, number, distribution and base composition. The C-CMA+ bands and 45S rDNA were located predominantly in terminal regions. The C-CMA+/DAPI+ bands appeared in interstitial and terminal regions, and the C-DAPI+ bands were found in all chromosome regions. The 5S rDNA sites were observed on the long arm of pair 8 in all species...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cestrum; Chromosome banding; FISH; Heterochromatin; Physical maps; 45S and 5S rDNA.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572009000200019
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Karyotypic conservatism in samples of Characidium cf. zebra (Teleostei, Characiformes, Crenuchidae): physical mapping of ribosomal genes and natural triploidy Genet. Mol. Biol.
Pansonato-Alves,José Carlos; Oliveira,Claudio; Foresti,Fausto.
Basic and molecular cytogenetic analyses were performed in specimens of Characidium cf. zebra from five collection sites located throughout the Tietê, Paranapanema and Paraguay river basins. The diploid number in specimens from all samples was 2n = 50 with a karyotype composed of 32 metacentric and 18 submetacentric chromosomes in both males and females. Constitutive heterochromatin was present at the centromeric regions of all chromosomes and pair 23, had additional interstitial heterochromatic blocks on its long arms. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were located on the long arms of pair 23, while the 5S rDNA sites were detected in different chromosomes among the studied samples. One specimen from the Alambari river was a natural triploid and had...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Characidium; Heterochromatin; 18S rDNA; 5S rDNA; Natural triploidy.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572011000200007
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Cytogenetics of three Brazilian species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) with 22 chromosomes and re-analysis of multiple translocations in E. binotatus Genet. Mol. Biol.
Siqueira-Jr.,Sérgio; Ananias,Fernando; Recco-Pimentel,Shirlei M..
In this paper, we provide a cytogenetic analysis of Eleutherodactylus guentheri, E. parvus and E. binotatus. All of the species had a diploid chromosomal number of 2n = 22. The karyotypes of E. guentheri and E. parvus were very similar and differed only slightly in the morphology of pair 2. These two species also had an NOR-bearing secondary constriction on the long arms of pair 6. The karyotype of E. binotatus differed from those of E. guentheri and E. parvus in the morphology and size of the chromosomes, in the number of chromosomal arms, in the NOR location (detected on the short arms of pair 1), and in the pattern of heterochromatin. These results reinforce the differences between E. guentheri and E. binotatus and support the existence of two species...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Eleutherodactylus; Heterochromatin; Karyotype; Nucleolus organizing region (NOR); Reciprocal translocation.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572004000300010
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Comparative cytogenetics of three species of Dichotomius (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) Genet. Mol. Biol.
Silva,Guilherme Messias da; Bione,Edgar Guimarães; Cabral-de-Mello,Diogo Cavalcanti; Moura,Rita de Cássia de; Simões,Zilá Luz Paulino; Souza,Maria José de.
Meiotic and mitotic chromosomes of Dichotomius nisus, D. semisquamosus and D. sericeus were analyzed after conventional staining, C-banding and silver nitrate staining. In addition, Dichotomius nisus and D. semisquamosus chromosomes were also analyzed after fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with an rDNA probe. The species analyzed had an asymmetrical karyotype with 2n = 18 and meta-submetacentric chromosomes. The sex determination mechanism was of the Xy p type in D. nisus and D. semisquamosus and of the Xyr type in D. sericeus. C-banding revealed the presence of pericentromeric blocks of constitutive heterochromatin (CH) in all the chromosomes of the three species. After silver staining, the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were located in...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Chromosome rearrangements; Heterochromatin; Karyotype; NORs; FISH.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572009000200012
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