SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Dopico, Domingo Calvo; Blazquez, F.; Tudoran, Alina.

The appearance of consumers groups increasingly concerned about the quality of food products, together with an increasingly competitive environment and domestic saturated markets, has led companies to achieving differentiated quality. The wine sector is immersed in this situation. Valuation of this differentiation by consumers will not happen by complying with certain standards or technical specifications, but rather it has to be perceived by consumers. Unlike experts, consumers cannot easily know which properties are intrinsic to products, which are those that give them their quality. There is, thus, a problem of uncertainty regarding the quality of products. This problem becomes more complex when consumers are faced with many alternatives of a similar...

Groundwater markets and water use efficiency: The case of Karnataka

Palavras-chave: Collective brand; Quality; Perceived risk; Equity; Consumer Behaviour; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58009

Deepak, S.C.; Chandrakanth, Mysore G.; Nagaraj, N..

This study, based on primary data collected from 120 groundwater users in eastern dry zone of Karnataka compares the water use efficiency among different categories of water users, viz. well owners who do not sell water, well owners who sell water either for agricultural or non-agricultural use and water buyers (both agricultural and nonagricultural). Some of the important findings are- • The cropping pattern varies between categories, with both the sellers and buyers preferring low water intensive mulberry crop, while the self user's category grew more water intensive crops. • Farmers who sold water for non-agricultural purposes earned the highest return (because of higher end-use price) and also made the most efficient use of water. Thus, making a point...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Groundwater markets; Efficiency; Equity; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43633

How Do Economists Really Think About the Environment?

Fullerton, Don; Stavins, Robert N..

On a topic like the environment, communication among scholars from different disciplines in the natural and social sciences is both important and difficult, but such communication has been far from perfect. Economists themselves may have contributed to some rather fundamental misunderstandings about how economists think about the environment, perhaps through our enthusiasm for market solutions, perhaps by neglecting to make explicit all of the necessary qualifications, and perhaps simply by the use of jargon that has specific meaning only to other economists. In this brief essay, we seek to clarify some of these misunderstandings and thus to improve future interdisciplinary communication. We hope that natural scientists and other non-economists will take...

Land Rental Markets in India: Efficiency and Equity Considerations

Palavras-chave: Market failure; Economic analysis; Efficiency; Equity; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; H4; L51.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10910

Akter, Shaheen; Farrington, John; Deshingkar, Priya; Sharma, Pramod; Rao, Laxman.

Despite the fact that land rental is restricted to varying degrees in India, the participation in this market is widespread and it is observed to operate relatively efficiently in 12 villages studied in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The estimated probit models predicted that the rental market transferred land to those with relatively smaller holdings, but greater ability to make productive use of land, more assets to invest, more adults available for labour and fewer off-farm opportunities. Also land is rented out predominantly to younger farmers and to farmers not involved in off-farm jobs. Renting in is predicted to be relatively higher in the villages which are remote and weakly integrated into mainstream infrastructure and institutions. Land...

Equity Weighting and the Marginal Damage Costs of Climate Change

Palavras-chave: Land rental markets; Economic efficiency; Equity; India; Land Economics/Use.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25265

Anthoff, David; Hepburn, Cameron; Tol, Richard S.J..

Climate change would impact different countries differently, and different countries have different levels of development. Equity-weighted estimates of the (marginal) impact of greenhouse gas emissions reflect these differences. Equity-weighted estimates of the marginal damage cost of carbon dioxide emissions are substantially higher than estimates without equity-weights; equity-weights may also change the sign of the social cost estimates. Equity weights need to be normalised. Our estimates differ by two orders of magnitude depending on the region of normalisation. A discounting error of equity weighted social cost of carbon estimates in earlier work (Tol, Energy Journal, 1999), led to an error of a factor two. Equity-weighted estimates are sensitive to...

Equal Emissions per Capita over Time - A Proposal to Combine Responsibility and Equity of Rights

Palavras-chave: Marginal Damage Costs; Climate Change; Equity; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q54.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9325

Bode, Sven.

After Future climate policy regimes may be based on the Kyoto-Protocol or on other policy instruments such as carbon-taxes. Any effective regime based on the Protocol requires the determination of the concrete contributions by each Party. This involves namely the time of contribution and the quantification of the contribution itself. By now many proposals exist for the two issues, as for example thresholds like GDP per capita for the question of timing or emissions per capita for an allocation of emission rights. Based on the two justice principle responsibility and equity of rights that form the basis for the so-called Brazilian Proposal and Contraction & Convergence respectively, a new approach is developed: Future emission rights are allocated on...

Water distribution equity in Sindh Province, Pakistan

Palavras-chave: Allocation of GHG emission entitlements; Brazilian Proposal; CDM; Contraction & Convergence; Equity; Post 2012 climate regime; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26240

Murray-Rust, Hammond; Lashari, Bhakshal; Memon, Yameen.

The concept of equity of water distribution is widely used in assessment of irrigation water management performance; but in reality there is considerable confusion between the concepts of equity and equality. This research forms part of a larger study of Farmer Managed Irrigation in Sind Province.

Effects of U.S. Farm Programs on Equity and Efficiency

Palavras-chave: Canals; Watercourses; Water distribution; Equity; Water policy; Water allocation; Water rights; Farmer managed irrigation systems; Irrigation scheduling; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108671

Pope, Micah; Keeney, Roman.

This paper analyzes the tradeoffs present between equity and efficiency in farm policy. In terms of equity, we are concerned with the implications of policies on the distribution of income. For efficiency we consider how the profitability of farms is impacted by the same government policies. Specifically of interest will be the relative contributions of direct payments, commodity payments, and conservation payments to each of these measures. Results show that relative to direct payments commodity payments are more efficient (in terms of increasing average farm profitability) but less equitable (large farmers dominate the income gains). Conservation payments are found to be both less equitable and efficient relative to direct payments. We identify...

DID THE 1995 FARM BILL ADDRESS THE CRITICAL ISSUES? DISCUSSION

Palavras-chave: U.S. Farm Policy; Equity; Efficiency; Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6064

Private Wage Returns to Schooling in Nigeria: 1996-1999

Salathe, Larry E..

In 1995, for the first time since the 1930s, the United States failed to pass new farm program legislation. The inability to pass farm legislation occurred despite bipartisan agreement that farm programs should continue the trend over the past decade of less government intervention. This paper discusses the sequence of events, the role of agricultural economists, the major issues, and the lessons learned from the 1995 Farm Bill debate. The trend toward declining government intervention in agriculture will require that the profession look increasingly to the private sector for solutions to the problems facing agriculture in the twenty-first century.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Congressional debate; Equity; Farm programs; Policy analysis; Price and income support; Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15232

Aromolaran, Adebayo B..

In the last two decades, primary and secondary school enrollment rates have declined in Nigeria while enrollment rates in post-secondary school have increased. This paper estimates from the General Household Survey for Nigeria the private returns to schooling associated with levels of educational attainment for wage and self-employed workers. The estimates for both men and women are small at primary and secondary levels, 2 to 4 percent, but are substantial at post-secondary education level, 10-15 percent. These schooling return estimates may account for the recent trends in enrollments. Thus, increasing public investment to encourage increased attendance in basic education is not justifiable on grounds of private efficiency, unless investments to increase...

Tubewell transfer in Gujarat: A study of the GWRDC approach

Palavras-chave: Schooling investment; Private wage returns; Efficiency; Equity; Nigeria; Labor and Human Capital; O15; I12; J24.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28489

Mukherji, Aditi; Kishore, Avinash.

In India public (government) tubewells were built with the intention of providing irrigation to all categories of farmers in a fair, equitable and affordable manner. However, most public tubewell programs across India have failed on all these counts. Efforts to transfer their management to water users too have met with little success. Nonetheless, the Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation (GWRDC)-a state-owned public company-has achieved rare success in tubewell transfer by handing over management of around 60 percent of public tubewells in the Gujarat state to user groups. This study tries to identify the factors that helped in accelerating the transfer process and evaluate the performance of transferred tubewells against those owned by...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Tube wells; Privatization; Groundwater management; Economic aspects; Operations; Maintenance; Equity; Farmers' attitudes; Policy; Agribusiness; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44559

AGRICULTURAL POLICY ANALYSIS: DISCUSSION

Sustainable Cooperation in Global Climate Policy: Specific Formulas and Emission Targets to Build on Copenhagen and Cancun

Schertz, Lyle P..

Agricultural economists are appropriately concerned about their profession's contributions to policy decisions. An examination of alternative approaches to transforming policy analyses is in order. There are opportunities to (a) focus on income and wealth distribution, (b) give attention to the public as a primary client, (c) avoid advocacy, and (d) adjust institutions in ways that encourage participation in policy analyses including the development of data systems.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Equity; Income and wealth distribution; Policy analysis; Public as a primary client; Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15250

Bosetti, Valentina; Frankel, Jeffrey.

Replaced with revised version of paper 10/05/11.

Inter-sectoral Water Use in South Africa: Efficiency Versus Equity

Palavras-chave: Cancun; Climate; Concentrations; Cooperation; Copenhagen; Costs; Developing Countries; Development; Emissions; Equity; Global Climate; Global Warming; Greenhouse Gas; Human Development; International; Kyoto; Sustainable; Treaty; United Nations; WITCH; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q54.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115849

Juana, James S.; Kirsten, Johann F.; Strzepek, Kenneth M..

While water supply sources are dwindling in South Africa, the demand for the scarce water resource is increasing. This situation requires a switch from supply to demand management of water in the country. The study updates the 1999 social accounting matrix for South Africa, using the Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS) time series data, STATSA's 2001 census report and 2000 water accounts, the 2002 national income accounts, published by the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) and the Water Resource Management Strategy (WRMS) registration data. Using the updated SAM, the contribution of water to economic development in South Africa is estimated through the traditional SAM multiplier analysis. The paper then investigates the impact of reallocating...

Equity judgments and context dependence: Knowledge, efficiency and incentives

Palavras-chave: SAM multipliers; Output growth; Factor remuneration; Income generation; Efficiency; Equity; R20; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C67; D57; L60; Q25.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25486

Schilizzi, Steven.

Distributional equity concerns are often at least as important as economic efficiency and ecological sustainability in environmental and natural resource management policies. Until recently, however, economists have shied away from tackling equity issues, primarily because equity appeared as a slippery concept, varying across people and circumstances. This study takes this context-dependence of equity judgments as a starting point and shows that such dependence, far from being random, is systematic. A series of controlled laboratory treatments with University students were designed to investigate the role on distributional equity judgments of such context factors as knowledge of one’s position in society, how the existence of equity-efficiency tradeoffs...

Incentives for Residential Water Conservation: Water Price, Revenue, and Consumer Equity in Florida

Palavras-chave: Equity; Fairness; Resource allocation; Environmental policy; Experimental economics; Welfare economics; Public choice; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Public Economics; C92; D03; D63; H23; Q56; Q58.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100887

Rawls, Colin; Borisova, Tatiana; Berg, Sanford; Burkhardt, Jeffrey.

Economic theory suggests that price incentives can be used to encourage water conservation in residential consumers. Conservation water rates are designed to send price signals that encourage households to reduce discretionary water use in the long term. However, it is not always clear that conservation rates effectively provide meaningful incentives. Utilities themselves may also not have strong incentives to implement conservation rates. If conservation rates have a negative impact on revenue, or if they lead to increased revenue variability, utilities may have a disincentive to use them. In addition, block pricing structures (where unit water rate increases with water usage) may be inequitable, in the sense that the “revenue burden” is borne...

The Stability of Exchange Networks

Palavras-chave: Conservation; Water; Price; Revenue; Equity; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56510

Dooan, Gonul; van Assen, M.A.L.M.; van de Rijt, Arnout; Buskens, Vincent.

This paper develops a formal model of exchange network stability that combines expected value theory (Friedkin 1995) with the economic literature on network dynamics. We identify stable networks up to size 8 for varying costs and investigate whether they are Pareto efficient and egalitarian. Only a very small number of networks are stable. Odd cycles and networks consisting of dyads and at most one isolate are the only egalitarian, efficient, and stable networks for a large cost range. We show that some of these results are generalizable to networks of any size and are independent of using expected value theory.

13 + 1: A Comparison of Global Climate Change Policy Architectures

Palavras-chave: Exchange Networks; Stability; Efficiency; Equity; Social Dilemma; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; D85.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9098

Aldy, Joseph E.; Barrett, Scott; Stavins, Robert N..

We critically review the Kyoto Protocol and thirteen alternative policy architectures for addressing the threat of global climate change. We employ six criteria to evaluate the policy proposals: environmental outcome, dynamic efficiency, cost effectiveness, equity, flexibility in the presence of new information, and incentives for participation and compliance. The Kyoto Protocol does not fare well on a number of criteria, but none of the alternative proposals fare well along all six dimensions. We identify several major themes among the alternative proposals: Kyoto is "too little, too fast"; developing countries should play a more substantial role and receive incentives to participate; implementation should focus on market-based approaches, especially...