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VALUING ELECTRICITY ASSETS IN DEREGULATED MARKETS: A REAL OPTIONS MODEL WITH MEAN REVERSION AND JUMPS AgEcon
Ethier, Robert G..
Valuation of electricity generating assets is of central importance as utilities are forced to spin-off generators with the introduction of competitive markets. A continuous-time mean reverting price path with stochastic upward jumps is proposed as an appropriate model for long-run competitive electricity prices faced by a generator. A real options model is derived via dynamic programming using infinite series solutions. The derived model produces asset values which are uniformly higher than those produced by existing models, and which accurately predict observed generator sale prices. The model has favorable implications for stranded cost recovery and generator entry in competitive markets.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Real options; Electricity deregulation; Mean reversion; Jump processes; Asset valuation; Marketing.
Ano: 1999 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7222
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When to Get In and Out of Dairy Farming: A Real Option Analysis AgEcon
Tauer, Loren W..
The Dixit entry/exit real option model was applied to the entry/exit decisions of New York dairy farmers. For the cost structure of a 500-cow farm the entry milk price is $17.52 per hundredweight (cwt.) and the exit milk price is $10.84. For the 50-cow farm cost structure the entry price is higher at $23.71 per cwt., and the exit price is also higher at $13.48. If infinite numbers of representative farms enter and exit at these prices, the price of milk should range between $13.48 and $17.52 per cwt.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Dairy farming; Entry-exit; Investment; Real options; Farm Management.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21251
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Does vertical integration reduce investment reluctance in production chains? An agent-based real options approach AgEcon
Balmann, Alfons; Musshoff, Oliver; Larsen, Karin.
This paper uses an agent-based real options approach to analyze whether stronger vertical integration reduces investment reluctance in pork production. A competitive model in which firms identify optimal investment strategies by using genetic algorithms is developed. Two production systems are compared: a perfectly integrated system and a system in which firms produce either the intermediate product (piglets) or the final product (pork). Simulations show that the spot market solution and the perfectly integrated system lead to a very similar production dynamics even with limited information on production capacities. The results suggest that, from a pure real options perspective, spot markets are not significantly inferior to perfectly integrated supply...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Real options; Supply chain; Agent-based models; Genetic algorithms; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Productivity Analysis.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59521
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PRIVATE LABELS: A MECHANISM FOR FULFILLING CONSUMER DEMAND FOR HEALTHY FOOD? AgEcon
Weaver, Robert D.; Moon, Yongma.
As consumer preferences rapidly evolve with respect to health-related attributes of food, many have questioned the performance of the conventional food industry to fulfill new demand. As the structure of the industry has shifted toward conditions where retailers have access to and incentive to respond to rapidly changing information concerning consumer preferences, it is relevant to consider the conditions under which retailers will offer private labeled healthy food products not available from national brand manufacturers. This paper presents a theory of the dynamic, stochastic decision of retailers to offer private label products that are close substitutes to national brands. Within the context of salient features of healthy foods, we examine the role of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Private labels; Store brands; Health claims; Functional food; Real options; Product cannibalization; Food choice; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116397
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Assessing economic incentives for dairy sheep farmers: A real options approach AgEcon
Tzouramani, Irene; Sintori, Alexandra; Liontakis, Angelos E.; Alexopoulos, George.
New policy measures have been introduced to transform Greece’s agriculture into a more modern and environmentally friendly agriculture. Adopting new technology and environmentally friendly production systems involves risk and uncertainty, which in turn stress the need for well designed policy schemes. This study attempts to examine the effects of income variability upon the decision to adopt new technology and environmentally friendly production systems by introducing the real options analysis to dairy sheep farming in Greece. The real options procedure revealed that the investment in new technology in dairy sheep farms under organic scheme is profitable. Attractive economic incentives that are offered by the applied agricultural policy to young farmers...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Organic sheep farming; Real options; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43964
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INCORPORATING RISK PREFERENCES INTO REAL OPTIONS MODELS AgEcon
Isik, Murat.
This paper develops a framework to link the expected utility analysis to real options models in order to capture the joint effects of risk aversion and irreversibility associated with real investments. It aims at modifying the theory of investment under uncertainty by incorporating decision makers' risk preferences and allows explicitly analyzing the impacts of risk aversion, uncertainty and irreversibility on decisions such as investment and resource allocations. It addresses the shortcomings of the commonly used expected utility and investment under uncertainty models be generalizing the theory of irreversible investment under uncertainty by allowing for risk-averse investors. We found that uncertainty, irreversibility and risk aversion are important...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Expected utility; Investment under uncertainty; Irreversibility; Real options; Risk aversion; Risk and Uncertainty; D81; G1.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20027
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Growth-related Measures of Brand Equity Elasticity for Food Firms AgEcon
Liu, Juan; Sporleder, Thomas L..
Brand names and brand equity are recognized as important intangible assets among firm managers in the global food supply chain. This analysis investigates the long-run potential of brand equity among food processors to actually create real options for a firm's management. The empirical analysis views brand equity among food processors as a real option of growth and empirically tests selected drivers that are conceptually associated with firm growth. Results indicate that brand equity has a positive effect on the growth option value of the firm, after accounting for other major drivers of firm growth. Brand equity elasticity is estimated with respect to a firm's growth value for both the industry- and firm-level. One major implication of the analysis is...
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Brand equity; Brand valuation; Real options; Food firms; Growth option value; Agribusiness.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8172
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Reale Optionen und Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre – oder: Kann man mit der Optionspreistheorie arbitrieren? AgEcon
Odening, Martin; Musshoff, Oliver.
This paper discusses the real options approach to investment. Real options facilitate an analysis of investment under uncertainty explicitly taking into account irreversibility of the investment decision and flexibility with respect to the investment timing. This is achieved by exploiting the analogy between a financial option and an investment project. We pinpoint the relation to traditional methods of capital budgeting as well as the special features of this concept, namely the exclusion of arbitrage opportunities and the independence of individual risk preferences. Analytical and numerical solution procedures for option pricing are presented. An application to investments in hog finishing illustrates the main ideas of the real options approach. It turns...
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Real options; Investment under uncertainty; Flexibility; Contingent claim analysis; Hysteresis; Hog finishing; Farm Management; Risk and Uncertainty.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99004
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Public Goods, Hysteresis, and Underinvestment in Food Safety AgEcon
Richards, Timothy J.; Nganje, William E.; Acharya, Ram N..
Despite the economic damage inflicted by a foodborne disease outbreak, firms at all points in the supply chain appear to be reluctant to invest in the necessary food safety technologies and practices. We argue that these investments are subject to both hysteretic and public good effects, and construct a theoretical model of food safety investment, calibrated to describe the 2006 E. coli outbreak in California spinach. Both effects are found to induce delays in food safety investments, but the public good effect dominates. We suggest a number of policy options that improve incentives to contribute to the public good.
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Food safety; Hysteresis; Investment; Public goods; Real options; Simulation; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57627
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MAKING DECISIONS IN TURBULENT TIMES: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND DECISION TOOLS AgEcon
Roucan-Kane, Maud; Boehlje, Michael; Gray, Allan W.; Akridge, Jay T..
The business climate for the agricultural sector is characterized by increased uncertainty and “unanticipated surprises,” such as new government regulations, new technology and product introductions, mergers and acquisitions, nonperformance by supply chain partners, and changes in interest and exchange rates. This manuscript uses a real case problem to describe a set of tools(such as scenario analysis, risk scorecarding and heat mapping, payoff matrices, decision trees, and options portfolio mapping) available to use for making strategic decisions in such a business climate.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Scorecarding and heat mapping; Decision trees; Scenario analysis; Payoff matrices; Real options; Agribusiness; Q13.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98052
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An Empirical Examination of Real Options and the Timing of Land Conversions AgEcon
Towe, Charles A.; Nickerson, Cynthia J.; Bockstael, Nancy E..
Many studies have examined the effects of land use regulations on land prices and urban spatial form. Increasingly, jurisdictions have adopted incentive based mechanisms, such as purchase of development rights (PDR) programs, to manage the pace and pattern of urban growth and the conversion of agricultural land. PDR programs provide a third option to landowners in urbanizing areas: in addition to deciding whether to develop or not, landowners can decide whether to preserve their land. To our knowledge no studies have explored how the existence of an option to participate in a PDR program affects landowners' development decisions. This research provides empirical evidence of a previously untested prediction of real options theory: that additional...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Agricultural preservation programs; Real options; Land conversion; Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19125
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Real option models for simulating digester system adoption on livestock farms in Emilia-Romagna AgEcon
Bartolini, Fabio; Gallerani, Vittorio; Viaggi, Davide.
Innovation and new technology adoption represent two central elements for the enterprise and industry development process in agriculture. The objective of this paper is to develop a farm-household model able to simulate the impacts of uncertainty in SFP, the selling price of energy and agricultural product prices parameters on the adoption of methane digester for biogas production. The model implemented is based on a real option approach that includes investment irreversibility and stochasticity in relevant parameters. The results show the relevance of uncertainty in determining the timing of adoption and emphasise the importance of predictability as a major component of policy design.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Real options; Methane digester; Biogas; Investment; Uncertainty; Agricultural and Food Policy; Farm Management; Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61112
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Employing Real Options Methodology for Decision Making in Greenhouse Technology AgEcon
Tzouramani, Irene; Mattas, Konstadinos.
Latest developments in investment analysis offer a number of valuable insights into how to evaluate investment opportunities encountering the weaknesses of net present value criterion. More specific, irreversibility, uncertainty and the choice of timing are conditions that net present value does not include but they alter the investment decision in critical way. Employing contingent claims analysis in tangible investments several assumptions made by discount cash flow method are concerned and better assessment results can be derived. In this work, an attempt is made to apply real options methodology in agricultural investments. Many agricultural investors face a growing uncertainty environment with high sunk investments and net present value criterion has...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Real options; Irreversibility; Option value; Agriculture; Investment; Policy; Crop Production/Industries.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24835
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Strategy Development in a Turbulent Business Climate: Concepts and Methods AgEcon
Boehlje, Michael; Gray, Allan W.; Detre, Joshua D..
The accelerating speed of change in the food and agribusiness industries is resulting in more risk and uncertainty – the future is becoming much less predictable. The drivers of these uncertainties are also changing – strategic risk which generally has a low probability of occurrence, but large consequences has begun to replace tactical risk. Managing these risks requires not only new assessment tools such as scorecarding and mapping, but also more systematic decision frameworks. In essence, strategic risk management involves using the proper assessment and management tools so as to truncate the loss exposure and capture the profit potential of these risks.
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Uncertainty; Real options; Risk scorecarding; Strategic risk; Strategy development; Agribusiness; Risk and Uncertainty.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8158
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THE SOURCE OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY: A REAL OPTIONS APPROACH AgEcon
Lavoie, Brian F.; Sheldon, Ian M..
Sources of heterogeneity within the process of R&D investment, such as international differences in the maximum per-period rate of investment and level of regulatory uncertainty, offer a plausible explanation for US comparative advantage in biotechnology. Using dynamic stochastic simulation, the results presented in this paper suggest US biotechnology firms may initiate more R&D projects, innovate earlier and more rapidly, persevere longer in the face of mounting R&D costs, and successfully complete more R&D projects than European firms.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Comparative advantage; Biotechnology; Real options; Industrial Organization; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1999 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21508
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Investment in irrigation technology: an application of real options analysis AgEcon
McClintock, Anthea.
Investment in irrigation infrastructure and technologies, particularly those that reduce on-farm water use have become a major focus of government programs both at a State and Commonwealth level. Particular attention has been given to increasing the uptake of water “saving” technologies among irrigators. The design of programs capable of achieving government objectives at least cost requires an understanding of farm level investment decisions. In this context, the influence of uncertainty on decisions to invest in irrigation technology and infrastructure is examined. The potential for uncertainty to influence investment decisions via strategies to manage risk is demonstrated using the method of real options valuation. The approach is applied to case...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Investment; Irrigation technology; Real options; Uncertainty; Subsidy.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47934
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Valuing Private Sector Incentives to Invest in Food Protection Measures in the Milk and Green Onion Sectors AgEcon
Lewis, Andrew; Nganje, William E.; Mattson, Jeremy W.; Miljkovic, Dragan; Wilson, William W..
This study provides a framework to value investment strategies to mitigate possible agro-terrorism occurrences in the food supply chain and to determine where these investments would reduce the most risk. This framework is applied to two food sectors that could be at risk: milk and green onions. Stochastic optimization is used to determine the costs and risk premiums of alternative tracking strategies. The real options method along with a portfolio of options, also referred to as the "tomato garden" framework, is used to determine where and when alternative intervention strategies should be implemented to reduce the most risk. Finally, policy implications are derived on the cost-risk tradeoffs, probability of attacks, and containment efforts if there...
Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: Agro-terrorism; Stochastic optimization; Real options; Game theory; Milk; Green onions; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7630
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When to Get In and Out of Dairy Farming: A Real Option Analysis AgEcon
Tauer, Loren W..
The Dixit entry/exit real option model was applied to the entry/exit decisions of New York dairy farmers. For the cost structure of a 500-cow farm, the entry milk price is $17.52 per hundredweight (cwt) and the exit milk price is $10.84. For the 50-cow farm cost structure, the entry price is higher at $23.71 per cwt, and the exit price is also higher at $13.48. If infinite numbers of representative farms enter and exit at these prices, the price of milk should range between $13.48 and $17.52 per cwt.
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Dairy farming; Entry-exit; Investment; Real options; Farm Management.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10219
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Did the Economic Conditions for Bt-maize in the EU Improve from 1995 to 2004? A MISTICs Perspective. AgEcon
Scatasta, Sara; Wesseler, Justus; Demont, Matty.
The debate about the "quasi" moratorium on the release of GMOs in the European Union is on going. One of the major arguments that were put forward to delay the release of new traits was the one for more information. In this contribution we compare the situation for Bt-maize from the 1995 and 2004 perspective. The 2004 perspective differentiate between two scenarios: one without the CAP reform and one including the CAP reform. For the comparison we use an ex-ante assessment model based on real option theory that explicitly considers the irreversible costs and benefits of the technology. As empirical information about possible irreversible costs is scarce we identify the maximum incremental social tolerable irreversible costs, MISTICs, for Bt-maize, a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Bt-maize; Irreversibility; Real options; Uncertainty; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25245
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Option Value, Policy Uncertainty, and the Foreign Direct Investment Decision AgEcon
Chen, Yu-Fu; Funke, Michael.
In this paper we analyse the impact of policy uncertainty on foreign direct investment strategies. The paper follows the real options approach, which allows to investigate the value to a firm of waiting to invest and/or disinvest, when payoffs are stochastic due to political uncertainty and investments are partially reversible. Across the board we find that political uncertainty can be very detrimental to FDI decisions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Real options; Investment; Foreign Direct Investment; Political Uncertainty; International Relations/Trade; D81; D92; E22; F21.
Ano: 2003 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26373
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