SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION AND SEGREGATION IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS: NON-GENETICALLY MODIFIED AND SPECIALTY CORN AND SOYBEAN CROPS IN IOWA

Zant, Wouter.

We investigate measurement of market integration of staple food markets in developing countries. The analysis takes the Parity Bound Model as starting point and modifies this model by parameterizing and estimating transaction costs. The specification of transaction costs takes account of transport costs, fixed source costs, fixed destination costs, ad valorem taxes & levies and seasonality an is implemented on the basis of a specific sub-sample of price differentials. Price differentials combined with predicted transaction costs enable the measurement of market integration for each location and each period. The proposed method is applied to the Malawi maize market with monthly data from June 1999 to October 2009 for 26 districts. This period covers two...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Food markets; Transaction costs; Trade; Market integration; Parity Bound Model; Malawi; Africa; Crop Production/Industries; Marketing; F14; Q13.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95777

Miranowski, John A.; Jensen, Helen H.; Batres-Marquez, S. Patricia; Ishdorj, Ariun.

An important dimension of product differentiation and segregation for specialty crops is the added handling and transaction costs incurred. Some forms of business organization may realize lower costs of providing such services, and if specialty crop production is growing relative to commodity production, these two factors may have implications for industry structure. We use data from an Iowa grain handling survey to test hypotheses developed in the non-empirical transaction-costs literature with respect to organizational and financial governance of cooperatives and private and corporate firms. Preliminary results are discussed with respect to business organizations, added costs, investments, crops, and contracting.

Transaktionskosten und Wettbewerbspolitik

Palavras-chave: Contracting; Cooperatives; Corporations; Grain handling; Industry structure; Segregation; Specialty crops; Transaction costs; Crop Production/Industries.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18323

Busse, Matthias.

The globalisation of the world economy increases international competition among companies. However, not all industries will be affected by the same extent. The degree of globalisation of an industry will be particularly influenced by the level of transaction costs. Low transaction costs will lead to globalised markets, high transaction costs to segmented markets. On the other hand, one has to consider heterogeneous consumer preferences and product differentiation as two additional factors of influence as well as the fact that transaction costs can only be roughly calculated. If these limitations are kept in mind, transaction costs could be of great importance for competition policy in determining the degree of international competition among firms. Die...

Localized and Incomplete Mutual Insurance

Palavras-chave: Transaction costs; Trade; Competition policy; International Relations/Trade; F00; F13; D23.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26144

de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Winters, Paul C.; Murgai, Rinku.

The practice of mutual insurance is conditioned by two types of transaction costs: "association" costs in establishing links with insurance partners and "extraction" costs in using these links to implement insurance transfers. Data on insurance-motivated water exchanges among households along two irrigation canals in Pakistan show that households exchange bilaterally with neighbors and family members but the majority exchange with members of tightly knit clusters. We, therefore, develop a model that endogenizes both cluster formation and the quality of insurance in the chosen cluster as a function of the relative importance of association and extraction costs. Full insurance at the community level, the object of most empirical tests of mutual insurance, is...

A certificação orgânica como fator estratégico na governança das transações no mercado de alimentos

Palavras-chave: Mutual insurance; Transaction costs; Clusters; Risk and Uncertainty.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12905

Cesar, Aldara da Silva; Batalha, Mario Otavio; Pimenta, Marcio Lopes.

Food consumers are, in general, concerned with acquiring healthy food which does not pose risks to their health. These preferences are directly related to the way the economic agents organize themselves inside the food sector. In this context, the organic products’ share in the food market is rising considerably, mainly because they consist not only of a healthier product, but also because they contribute positively to the environment. Nevertheless, these characteristics are not immediately observed by the consumers, which makes the certification process an essential mechanism not in the transaction process but also in gaining the confidence of several markets. This article lists some advantages and disadvantages of the certification process raised in the...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Certification; Transaction costs; Organic products; Organic production; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance; Industrial Organization.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61715

Costos de transacción en la agricultura peruana: una primera aproximación a su medición e impacto

Escobal D'Angelo, Javier.

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar empíricamente los factores que determinan las estrategias de vinculación al mercado de los productores agrarios en el Perú. Asimismo, estudia el papel de los costos de transacción en el comportamiento de los hogares rurales. Además, la investigación plantea e implementa una propuesta metodológica para cuantificar los costos de transacción. Los resultados muestran que los costos de transacción en el área bajo estudio (los distritos de Pazos y Huaribamba, en Tayacaja, Huancavelica) equivalen a 50 % del valor de venta y son apreciablemente más altos (60 %) para los productores conectados al mercado a través de caminos de herradura que para aquellos vinculados al mercado a través de caminos carrozables, confirmando...

An Assessment of the EPA's SO2 Emission Allowance Tracking System

Palavras-chave: Agricultura; Costos de transacción; Comercio agrícola; Perú; Agriculture; Transaction costs; Agricultural trade; Peru; Agricultural Finance; Q12; Q13.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37770

Lile, Ronald D.; Bohi, Douglas R.; Burtraw, Dallas.

On November 8, 1996, various Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials, scholars and industry representatives gathered at Resources for the Future (RFF) to examine the EPA's method for classifying private SO2 allowance transactions by the Allowance Tracking System (ATS). The one-day workshop at RFF was designed to evaluate how well the EPA's classification scheme within the ATS currently meets the needs of constituencies with a vested interest in the allowance trading system, and to determine if other classifications would be more beneficial. The EPA has limited its collection of information to that which is necessary to ensure compliance with environmental goals. In particular, the EPA has interpreted its mission to be one of minimal interference in...

Integração espacial de mercados na presença de custos de transação: um estudo para o mercado de boi gordo em Minas Gerais e São Paulo

Palavras-chave: Transaction costs; Regulated industries; Electric utilities; Emissions; Environmental Economics and Policy; D23; D49; H70; K23; L94; Q25.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10890

Mattos, Leonardo Bornacki de; Lima, Joao Eustaquio de; Lirio, Viviani Silva.

The analysis of market integration of agricultural commodities based on price information are limited because the effects of transaction costs are not considered in the adjustment process. The main objective of this paper was to estimate the possible transaction costs impacts on market integration of beef cattle between the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. It was estimated a Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVEC model) using monthly price data for the period from January 1972 to August 2005. The results indicated the presence of threshold cointegration implying that transaction costs have important effect on the price adjustment process.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Market integration; Transaction costs; Beef cattle; TVEC model; Threshold cointegration.; Agribusiness; Q13; C32.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60821

Biological Carbon Sinks: Transaction Costs and Governance

van Kooten, G. Cornelis.

Activities that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in forest and agricultural ecosystems can generate CO2-offset credits that can thus substitute for CO2 emissions reduction. Are biological CO2-uptake activities competitive with CO2 offsets from reduced fossil fuel use? In this paper, it is argued that transaction costs impose a formidable obstacle to direct substitution of carbon uptake offsets for emissions reduction in trading schemes, and that separate caps should be set for emissions reduction and sink-related activities. While a tax/subsidy scheme is preferred to emissions trading for incorporating biologically-generated CO2 offsets, contracts that focus on the activity and not the amount of carbon sequestered are most likely to lead to the...

Vertical Coordination in the Pork and Broiler Industries: Implications for Pork and Chicken Products

Palavras-chave: Carbon sequestration; Transaction costs; Climate change; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q54; Q23; Q42; H23; D23.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45505

Modelling Trends in Food Market Integration: Method and an Application to Tanzanian Maize Markets

Martinez, Stephen W..

Recent changes in structure of the U.S. pork industry reflect, in many ways, past changes in the broiler industry. Production contracts and vertical integration in the broiler industry facilitated rapid adoption of new technology, improved quality control, assured market outlets for broilers, and provided a steady flow of broilers for processing. Affordable, high-quality chicken products have contributed to continual increases in U.S. chicken consumption, which has surpassed pork and beef on a per capita basis. Incentives for contracting and vertical integration in the pork industry may yield comparable results. If so, these arrangements might be expected to result in larger supplies of higher quality pork products at economical prices.

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Vertical coordination; Vertical integration; Contracts; Transaction costs; Technology; Chicken; Pork; Livestock Production/Industries.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34031

van Campenhout, Bjorn.

Pushed by increasing availability of price data and extensive market liberalisation efforts in many developing countries, research on food market integration has evolved rapidly over the last two decades. Empirical methods to measure market integration diverged in two directions: on the one hand, there is the Parity Bounds Model (PBM), while on the other hand the use of Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) Models has been proposed. This article provides a discussion of the two methods and argues that TAR models are more able to capture the dynamics of the arbitrage process underlying interconnected markets. Furthermore, we extend the standard TAR model to include a time trend in both the threshold and the adjustment parameter. Using weekly maize price data on...

Institutions and properties of the transaction: influences on land rental contract design in Poland

Palavras-chave: Market integration; Transaction costs; Thresholds; Maize; Tanzania; Agribusiness; F15; O18.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24718

Identifying the Factors that Influence Small-scale Farmers Transaction Costs in Relation to Seed Acquisition - An ethnographic case study of maize growing smallholders in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico

Hurrelmann, Annette.

The article analyses influences on the design of land rental contracts in Poland. Attention is paid to the effect of both the properties of the transaction as identified in Transaction Cost Economics (asset-specificity, uncertainty, frequency) and the features of the institutional environment (legal as well as customary rules) as studied by the Economics of Property Rights. The conclusion is that institutional influences have a very strong effect and should not be disregarded in the explanation of contract choice.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Institutions; Transaction costs; Contract choice; Poland; Land market; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Land Economics/Use.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97390

Badstue, Lone B..

Using an ethnographic approach, this study explores small-scale farmers perceived transaction costs in relation to maize seed acquisition in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca. These farmers have different needs and require seed of diverse maize types with multiple traits in particular combinations. Formal seed distribution has yet to develop in this region and farmers depend mostly on informal seed sources. Issues of information about maize seed, seed transaction negotiation and enforcement are examined from a small-scale farmer perspective through the use of qualitative data. Results show that farmers perceived transaction costs are low to negligible in most cases where seed transactions take place locally, and trust is indicated as a factor which serves to...

ADOPTION OF E-COMMERCE STRATEGIES FOR AGRIBUSINESS FIRMS

Palavras-chave: Small-scale farmers; Transaction costs; Seed acquisitions; Maize (Zea mays L.); Informal seed sector; Oaxaca; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; D23; O17; Q12; Z13.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23800

Henderson, Jason R.; Dooley, Frank J.; Akridge, Jay T..

This paper analyzes the factors guiding Internet and e-commerce implementation by agribusiness firms. The relationship between Internet/e-commerce strategies and manager perceptions on the barriers and factors to e-commerce adoption are analyzed in a supply-chain management framework. Using factor analysis and an ordered Probit model, results indicate that the implementation of Internet/e-commerce strategies is more likely to be adopted in larger firms with a global scope. Also, manager perceptions regarding supply-chain functions influencing transaction costs are more strongly associated with Internet/e-commerce adoption than other functions influencing production costs.

Global Climate Policy and Corresponding Activities on a City-Level

Palavras-chave: E-commerce; Supply-chain; Transaction costs; Factor analysis; Order Probit; Agribusiness; Marketing.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21771

Sippel, Maike.

Cities are not affected by global climate policy and the Kyoto Protocol - however many of them engage in voluntary activities. This paper analyses how communities in general and especially the city of Hamburg can contribute to global climate protection in their citypartnerships according to the slogan "think global, act local". Possible activities are in the fields of awareness-raising, capacity-building, exchange of experiences and joint project implementation. A focus is layed on projects according to the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol in north-south citypartnerships. There is a clear potential for reduction of transaction costs in this kind of projects due to the institutional links of the citypartnership. For Hamburg, CDM-potential...

COMÉRCIO JUSTO INTERNACIONAL: O CASO DO SUCO DE LARANJA ENTRE O BRASIL E A FRANÇA

Palavras-chave: CDM; Citypartnership; Climate policy; Hamburg; Kyoto Protocol; Transaction costs; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26247

Machado, Melise Dantas; Paulillo, Luiz Fernando; Lambert, Annie.

This paper is a preliminary analysis of the governance structure of the faire trade of orange juice between Brazil and France. Fair trade is an organizational field composed of complex organizational networks that maintain relations of mutual dependence and share the same values system. As fair trade is a subject that has received relatively little study and presents many particularities, an exploratory study was considered appropriate. Primary and secondary data were collected. In the case of the trade of orange juice between Brazil and France, two commercial networks were identified. The integrated network is constituted by professionals who specialize in fair trade, while the certified network includes more conventional commercial organizations, such as...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Transaction costs; Governance structures; Networks; Fair trade; Orange juice.; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance; Industrial Organization.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61719

Organic certification systems and international trading of agricultural products in gravity models

Cantore, Nicola; Canavari, Maurizio; Pignatti, Erika.

Recent literature about gravity models points out the importance of institutional frictions in the international market of agricultural products beyond the traditional economics variables as transport costs reducing the mass of trade in bilateral relationships. In particular, previous contributions stress that harmonization of food standards could decrease transaction costs in trading relationships by stimulating international market. In a previous work we hypothesized that the acknowledgment of equivalence in organic standards may represent a reliable signal of affinity in bilateral relationships which may be useful to identify areas in which transaction costs for both conventional and organic standards are lower. This article represents a step forward,...

Rigidity in Packer-Feedlot Relationships

Palavras-chave: Gravity models; Organic standards; Transaction costs; International market; Agricultural trade; Food products; Agricultural and Food Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Q11; Q13.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6159

Hunnicutt, Lynn; Bailey, DeeVon; Crook, Michelle.

Concentration in beef packing has risen dramatically in the past 25 years. We develop measures used to describe feedlot-packer relations: (1) a statistic based on the proportion of its sales a feedlot makes to a given packer, and (2) a measure of the switching behavior of feedlots. The measures are calculated using a confidential data set from the USDA Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration. Relationships are found to be both exclusive and stable. Causes for this rigidity are then examined using regression analysis. Transaction costs are shown to help explain why this market differs from a perfectly competitive one.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Beef packing; Market relationships; Transaction costs; Q13; L14; L66.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43453

Transaction Costs and Bounded Rationality - Implications for Public Administration and Economic Policy

Tisdell, Clement A..

Relationships between bounded rationality and transaction cost theories are discussed and their connections with stochastic theories of industrial evolution are considered. While these theories have their limitations, they are useful but have been ignored in many public policy prescriptions, especially those involving markets. For example, as discussed, these theories have failed, on the whole, to influence competition policy and the design of more efficient systems for public administration (contracting out, labour contracts for public employment, adoption of the user-pays principle and use of performance budgeting and accounting), as well as in policies to remove market frictions. The result may be less efficient systems than otherwise achievable and...

Compliance with International Food Safety Standards in Kenya's Green Bean Industry: A Paired Case Study of Small and Large Family Farms

Palavras-chave: Bounded rationality; Competition policy; Evolutionary theory; Market dynamics; Public administration; Transaction costs; Public Economics; D23; H11; I20.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90531

Okello, Julius Juma; Swinton, Scott M..

This study uses two farm case studies to explore how Kenyan green bean farmers are meeting European food safety standards. For green bean farmers, the standards increase the fixed costs and the transactions costs of producing beans; the standards also alter how bean quality is assessed. Both the small and the large farm use contracts to protect their specific investments in complying with the standards. However, while the large farm invests in improved facilities using its own equity, the small farm uses a marketing group to spread investment costs and reduce the transaction cost to buyers of monitoring the performance of small units. Green bean buyers face the asymmetric information problem of creating incentives for farmers to comply voluntarily with...