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Manure Application Rules and Environmental Considerations AgEcon
Massey, Raymond E.; Gedikoglu, Haluk.
Three manure application limits (N Limit, Annual P Limit and P Banking) were modeled with particular attention to the number of hours needed to appropriately distribute manure. The benefit and costs estimates indicated that P Banking was more profitable than N Limit which was more profitable than Annual P Limit. The number of hours required indicated that the Annual P Limit would not be completed within a two month window approximately 2 of 10 years. The increased number of hours for the Annual P Limit also increased the probability of a runoff event following manure application, relative to the other two scenarios. This work indicates that regulations that require Annual P Limits of manure cost the farmer and may have the unintended consequence of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Manure; Environment; Policy; Runoff; Hours; Acres; Probability; Rainfall; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Livestock Production/Industries; Production Economics; Risk and Uncertainty.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98765
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Climate Change Policy and the Adoption of Methane Digesters on Livestock Operations AgEcon
Key, Nigel D.; Sneeringer, Stacy E..
Methane digesters—biogas recovery systems that use methane from manure to generate electricity—have not been widely adopted in the United States because costs have exceeded benefits to operators. Burning methane in a digester reduces greenhouse gas emissions from manure management. A policy or program that pays producers for these emission reductions—through a carbon offset market or directly with payments—could increase the number of livestock producers who would profit from adopting a methane digester. We developed an economic model that illustrates how dairy and hog operation size, location, and manure management methods, along with electricity and carbon prices, could influence methane digester profits. The model shows that a relatively moderate...
Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: Methane; Methane digesters; Manure; Livestock; Climate change; Greenhouse gases; Carbon offset; Environmental Economics and Policy; Financial Economics; Livestock Production/Industries; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102758
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SWINE '95 PART I: REFERENCE OF 1995 SWINE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AgEcon
Bush, Eric J..
This report is the first of a three-part release of national information from the second National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) swine study, the Swine '95 Grower/Finisher. The first national study, 1990 National Swine Survey, focused on farrowing sows and preweaning piglets. For the Swine '95 Study, the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) collaborated with Veterinary Services (VS) to select a producer sample that was statistically designed to provide inferences to the nation's swine population. Data for this report were collected from 1,477 producers in sixteen major pork production states, accounting for nearly 91 percent of the U.S. hog inventory and nearly three fourths of U.S. pork producers. By percent of pigs contained,...
Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: NAHMS; Swine; Monitoring; Epidemiology; Production; Nursery; Grower/finisher; Mortality; Weaning; Disease; Breeding; Facilities; Waste management; Manure; Vaccination; Biosecurity; Environment; Carcass disposal; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 1995 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/32739
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Soluble carbon in oxisol under the effect of organic residue rates Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Pinheiro,Gabriela Lúcia; Silva,Carlos Alberto; Lima,José Maria de.
The application of organic residues to the soil can increase soluble organic carbon (SOC) and affect the pH and electrolytic conductivity (EC) of the soil. However, the magnitude of these changes depends on the type of residue and the applied dose. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing C rates contained in organic residue on the pH, EC, water-extractable total carbon (WETC), water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and water-extractable inorganic carbon (WEIC) in soil treated with manure (chicken, swine, and quail), sawdust, coffee husk, and sewage sludge. The levels of total C (TC- KH2PO4), organic carbon (OC- KH2PO4), and inorganic C (IC- KH2PO4) extractable by a 0.1 mol L-1 KH2PO4 solution were also quantified in soil under the effect of...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Soluble organic carbon; Manure; Electrolytic conductivity; Soil acidity; Crop residues; Carbon adsorption.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832014000300012
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Tillage systems and nutrient sources affecting soil cover, temperature and moisture in a clayey oxisol under corn Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Veiga,Milton da; Reinert,Dalvan José; Reichert,José Miguel.
Tillage affects soil physical properties, e.g., porosity, and leads to different amounts of mulch on the soil surface. Consequently, tillage is related to the soil temperature and moisture regime. Soil cover, temperature and moisture were measured under corn (Zea mays) in the tenth year of five tillage systems (NT = no-tillage; CP = chisel plow and single secondary disking; CT = primary and double secondary disking; CTb = CT with crop residues burned; and CTr = CT with crop residues removed). The tillage systems were combined with five nutrient sources (C = control; MF = mineral fertilizer; PL = poultry litter; CS = cattle slurry; and SS = swine slurry). Soil cover after sowing was greatest in NT (88 %), medium in CP (38 %) and lowest in CT treatments...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: No-tillage; Conservation tillage; Conventional tillage; Manure.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832010000600025
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Spectroscopic quantification of soil phosphorus forms by 31p-nmr after nine years of organic or mineral fertilization Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Brunetto,Gustavo; Rheinheimer,Danilo dos Santos; Kaminski,João; Pandolfo,Carla Maria; Veiga,Milton; Flores,Alex Fabiani Claro; Lima,Maria Angélica Silveira; Girotto,Eduardo; Copetti,André Carlos Cruz.
Long-standing applications of mineral fertilizers or types of organic wastes such as manure can cause phosphorus (P) accumulation and changes in the accumulated P forms in the soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the forms of P accumulated in soils treated with mineral fertilizer or different types of manure in a long-term experiment. Soil was sampled from the 0-5 cm layer of plots fertilized with five different nutrient sources for nine years: 1) control without fertilizer; 2) mineral fertilizer at recommended rates for local conditions; 3) 5 t ha-1 year-1 of moist poultry litter; 4) 60 m³ ha-1 year-1 of liquid cattle manure and 5) 40 m³ ha-1 year-1 of liquid swine manure. The 31P-NMR spectra of soil extracts detected the following P...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Glycerophosphate; Manure; Phytate; Organic phosphorus; Organic fertilization.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832013000300010
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Relationships between Agriculture, Riparian Vegetation, and Surface Water Quality in Watersheds Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Broetto,Tiago; Tornquist,Carlos Gustavo; Campos,Ben-Hur Costa de; Schneider,Júlio Cézar.
ABSTRACT Agricultural land use and degradation of natural vegetation in riparian zones can impair water quality. This study was conducted in seven agricultural watersheds in Ibirubá, RS, Brazil, with the following objectives: identify relationships between concentrations of soluble phosphorus (Psol) and nitrate (NO−3) in surface water and agricultural use of soil and current vegetation in riparian zones, and assess the risk of eutrophication. Water samples from the main watercourses in each watershed were collected monthly from 10/2013 to 6/2014. Current land use was established by field surveys in the watersheds. The riparian zones of the watercourses were evaluated in terms of the condition of permanent preservation area (PPA) and access of the animals...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Environmental pollution; Dairy cattle; Manure; Riparian zone.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832017000100511
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Changes in soil acidity and organic carbon in a sandy typic hapludalf after medium-term pig-slurry and deep-litter application Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Brunetto,Gustavo; Comin,Jucinei José; Schmitt,Djalma Eugênio; Guardini,Renato; Mezzari,Célito Pescador; Oliveira,Bruno Salvador; Moraes,Marcel Pires de; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Lovato,Paulo Emilio; Ceretta,Carlos Alberto.
Successive applications of liquid swine waste to the soil can increase the contents of total organic carbon and nutrients and change acidity-related soil chemical properties. However, little information is available on the effects of swine waste application in solid form, as of swine deep-litter. The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations of organic carbon and acidity-related properties of a soil after eight years of pig slurry and deep-litter application. In the eighth year of a field experiment established in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC) on a sandy Typic Hapludalf samples were taken (layers 0-2.5; 2.5-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20 and 20-30 cm) from unfertilized plots and plots with pig slurry or deep-litter applications, providing the simple...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Manure; Water pH; Base saturation; Aluminum saturation; No tillage.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832012000500026
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Short and long-term effects of tillage systems and nutrient sources on soil physical properties of a Southern Brazilian Hapludox Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Veiga,Milton da; Reinert,Dalvan José; Reichert,José Miguel; Kaiser,Douglas Rodrigo.
Soil tillage promotes changes in soil structure. The magnitude of the changes varies with the nature of the soil, tillage system and soil water content and decreases over time after tillage. The objective of this study was to evaluate short-term (one year period) and long-term (nine year period) effects of soil tillage and nutrient sources on some physical properties of a very clayey Hapludox. Five tillage systems were evaluated: no-till (NT), chisel plow + one secondary disking (CP), primary + two (secondary) diskings (CT), CT with burning of crop residues (CTb), and CT with removal of crop residues from the field (CTr), in combination with five nutrient sources: control without nutrient application (C); mineral fertilizers, according to technical...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Bulk density; Pore size distribution; Manure.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832008000400008
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ORGANIC CARBON CONTENTS AND STOCKS IN PARTICLE SIZE FRACTIONS OF A TYPIC HAPLUDOX FERTILIZED WITH PIG SLURRY AND SOLUBLE FERTILIZER Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Mafra,Maria Sueli Heberle; Cassol,Paulo Cezar; Albuquerque,Jackson Adriano; Grohskopf,Marco André; Andrade,Andreia Patrícia; Rauber,Luiz Paulo; Friederichs,Augusto.
The use of pig slurry (PS) as fertilizer can affect the soil quality and increase total stocks of soil organic carbon (TOC). However, the effects of PS on TOC amount and forms in the soil are not fully understood, particularly in areas under no-tillage (NT). The purpose of this study was to determine TOC contents and stocks in the particulate (POC) and mineral-associated C fractions (MAC) of an Oxisol after nine years of maize-oat rotation under NT, with annual applications of PS, soluble fertilizer and combined fertilization (pig slurry + soluble fertilizer). The experiment was initiated in 2001 in Campos Novos, Santa Catarina, with the following treatments: PS at rates of 0 (without fertilization - PS0); 25 (PS25); 50 (PS50); 100 (PS100); and 200 m3...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Manure; Swine slurry; Carbon fixation; Soil organic matter; No-tillage.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832015000401161
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Influence of digestion methods on the recovery of Iron, Zinc, Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium and Lead contents in 11 organic residues Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Abbruzzini,Thalita Fernanda; Silva,Carlos Alberto; Andrade,Daniela Aparecida de; Carneiro,Waldete Japiassú de Oliveira.
There are currently many devices and techniques to quantify trace elements (TEs) in various matrices, but their efficacy is dependent on the digestion methods (DMs) employed in the opening of such matrices which, although "organic", present inorganic components which are difficult to solubilize. This study was carried out to evaluate the recovery of Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb contents in samples of composts and cattle, horse, chicken, quail, and swine manures, as well as in sewage sludges and peat. The DMs employed were acid digestion in microwaves with HNO3 (EPA 3051A); nitric-perchloric digestion with HNO3 + HClO4 in a digestion block (NP); dry ashing in a muffle furnace and solubilization of residual ash in nitric acid (MDA); digestion by using aqua...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Aqua regia; Heavy metals; Manure; Sewage sludge; Compost; Degree of humification.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832014000100016
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Phosphorus Fractions in Soil with Organic and Mineral Fertilization in Integrated Crop-Livestock System Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Rigo,Amanda Zolet; Corrêa,Juliano Corulli; Mafra,Álvaro Luiz; Hentz,Paulo; Grohskopf,Marco André; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Bedendo,Gizelle.
ABSTRACT Use of organic fertilizers in integrated crop-livestock (iCL) systems may affect soil phosphorus fractions. This study aimed to determine phosphorus fractions in the soil under the iCL system after six years of application of organic or mineral fertilizers. The experiment was conducted on a Rhodic Kandiudox (Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico) in a randomized block design, using a 5 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of three organic fertilizers (poultry litter, pig slurry, and compost) and two mineral fertilizers (M1, equivalent to pig slurry; and M2, equivalent to poultry litter) in interaction with three application rates, corresponding to 75, 100, and 150 % of the fertilizer recommendation for the crop of...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Manure; P fractionation; P sorption; Soil fertility.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832019000100508
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Aggregate stability as affected by short and long-term tillage systems and nutrient sources of a hapludox in southern Brazil Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Veiga,Milton da; Reinert,Dalvan José; Reichert,José Miguel.
The ability of a soil to keep its structure under the erosive action of water is usually high in natural conditions and decreases under frequent and intensive cultivation. The effect of five tillage systems (NT = no-till; CP = chisel plowing and one secondary disking; CT = primary and two secondary distings; CTb = CT with crop residue burning; and CTr = CT with removal of crop residues from the field), combined with five nutrient sources (C = control, no nutrient application; MF = mineral fertilizers according to technical recommendations for each crop; PL = 5 Mg ha-1 y-1 fresh matter of poultry litter; CM = 60 m³ ha-1 y-1 slurry cattle manure; and SM = 40 m³ ha-1 y-1 slurry swine manure) on wet-aggregate stability was determined after nine years (four...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Soil tillage; Manure; Sampling time; Soil structure; Aggregation.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832009000400003
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Forms and accumulation of copper and zinc in a sandy typic hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Tiecher,Tadeu Luis; Ceretta,Carlos Alberto; Comin,Jucinei José; Girotto,Eduardo; Miotto,Alcione; Moraes,Marcel Pires de; Benedet,Lucas; Ferreira,Paulo Ademar Avelar; Lorenzi,Cledimar Rogério; Couto,Rafael da Rosa; Brunetto,Gustavo.
Successive applications of pig slurry and pig deep litter may lead to an accumulation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fractions in the soil profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Cu and Zn forms and accumulation in a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter. In March 2010, eight years after initiating an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, on a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, soil samples were collected from the 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers in treatments consisting of no manure application (control) and with applications of pig slurry and deep litter at two levels: the single and double rate of N requirement for maize and black oat succession. The soil was dried,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Manure; Trace elements; Chemical fractionation; Environmental contamination.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832013000300028
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Pig slurry and nutrient accumulation and dry matter and grain yield in various crops Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Lourenzi,Cledimar Rogério; Ceretta,Carlos Alberto; Brunetto,Gustavo; Girotto,Eduardo; Tiecher,Tadeu Luis; Vieira,Renan Costa Beber; Cancian,Adriana; Ferreira,Paulo Ademar Avelar.
Pig slurry (PS) represents an important nutrient source for plants and using it as fertilizer makes greater nutrient cycling in the environment possible. The aim of this study was to assess how PS application over a period of years can affect grain yield, dry matter production and nutrient accumulation in commercial grain and cover crops. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, from May 2000 to January 2008. In this period, 19 grain and cover crops were grown with PS application before sowing, at rates of 0, 20, 40 and 80 m³ ha-1. The highest PS rate led to an increase in nutrient availability over the years, notably of P, but also of nutrients that are potentially toxic...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Manure; Yield; Crop rotation.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832014000300027
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Soil Solution Nutrient Availability, Nutritional Status and Yield of Corn Grown in a Typic Hapludox under Twelve Years of Pig Slurry Fertilizations Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Grohskopf,Marco André; Cassol,Paulo Cezar; Corrêa,Juliano Corulli; Albuquerque,Jackson Adriano; Ernani,Paulo Roberto; Mafra,Maria Sueli Heberle; Mafra,Álvaro Luiz.
ABSTRACT Nutrient content in soil solution may vary in response to the applied amount of pig slurry (PS). Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the nutrient content in soil solution and its relationship to nutritional status and yield of corn under 12 years of annual fertilization with increasing doses of PS, soluble mineral fertilizer (MF) and PS combined with MF. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in a Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (Typic Hapludox). The treatments consisted of pig slurry at annual rates of 50 and 100 m3 ha-1 (PS50 and PS100), soluble mineral fertilizer (MF), and pig slurry at a rate of 25 m3 ha-1 complemented with mineral fertilizer (PS25 + MF), distributed in a randomized block design. Soil solution was...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Organic fertilizer; Manure; Leaching.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832016000100531
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ORGANIC NITROGEN IN A TYPIC HAPLUDOX FERTILIZED WITH PIG SLURRY Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
Grohskopf,Marco André; Cassol,Paulo Cezar; Correa,Juliano Corulli; Mafra,Maria Sueli Heberle; Panisson,Jonas.
The application of pig slurry may have a different effect on nitrogen dynamics in soil compared to mineral fertilization. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the different forms of organic N in a Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (Typic Hapludox) and their relationship to N uptake by crops in response to 10 years of annual application of pig slurry and mineral fertilizer. The treatments were application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha-1 of pig slurry, in addition to mineral fertilizer, organized in a randomized block design with four replications. The N contents were determined in the plant tissue and in the forms of total N and acid hydrolyzed fractions: ammonium-N, hexosamine-N, α-amino-N, amide-N, and unidentified-N. Annual application of...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Manure; N availability; N fractionation.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832015000100127
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Extraction/exportation of macronutrients by cladodes of ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under different spacings and organic fertilization AGRIAMBI
Donato,Paulo E. R.; Donato,Sérgio L. R.; Silva,João A.; Pires,Aureliano J. V.; Silva Junior,Ancilon A. e.
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the extraction/exportation of macronutrients by cladodes of ‘Gigante’ cactos pear, grown under diferente spacings and doses of cattle manure applied to the soil 600 days after planting. Twelve treatments were used, three spacing (1.00 x 0.50; 2.00 x 0.25 and 3.00 x 1.00 x 0.25 m) and four doses of cattle manure (0, 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha-1 year-1), arranged in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme in randomized blocks, with three replicates. The extraction/exportation of N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg was determined, whose respective values for maximum dry matter production (21.8 Mg ha-1), with a cattle manure dose of 71.8 Mg ha-1 year-1 were: 287.9, 46.2, 924.2, 40.7, 609.7 and 249.1 kg ha-1, 600 days after planting. The amounts...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Opuntia; Nutritional balance; Manure.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-43662017000400238
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Pig slurry in carpet grass pasture: Yield and plant-available nitrogen AGRIAMBI
Brustolin-Golin,Karen D.; Scheffer-Basso,Simone M.; Escosteguy,Pedro A. V.; Miranda,Mario; Travi,Magdalena R. L.; Zabot,Valdirene.
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the response of carpet grass to pig slurry fertilization in order to estimate the agronomic efficiency and the plant-available nitrogen (N) of such manure. A field test was conducted during two years, following a randomized block design with six replicates of the treatments: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N ha-1 year-1, which resulted in 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 m3 ha-1 (2008/09), and 0, 42, 84, 126, 168 and 210 m3 ha-1 (2009/10), according to the N content of the pig slurry used in each year. These treatments were compared with ammonium nitrate (200 kg N ha-1 year-1), in order to estimate the plant-available nitrogen of the manure for the pasture. Pig slurry doses increased linearly the dry matter yield. In 2008/2009,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Axonopus affinis; Agronomic nitrogen efficiency; Nitrogen efficiency index; Manure; Perennial pasture.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-43662016000900795
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Residual effect of pig slurry on common carpet grass pasture AGRIAMBI
Albuquerque,Daiane C. K.; Scheffer-Basso,Simone M.; Escosteguy,Pedro A. V.; Brustolin-Golin,Karen D.; Zabot,Valdirene; Miranda,Mario.
ABSTRACT This study investigated the residual effects of pig slurry (PS) applied to common carpet grass pasture (Axonopus affinis) for two years (September 2008-March 2010) on dry matter yield and forage-nitrogen uptake from October 2010-May 2011. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were 102, 204, 306, 408, and 510 m3 ha-1 pig slurry applied for two years; one mineral nitrogen rate (1,250 kg ha-1 ammonium nitrate) for two years; and no nitrogen fertilization (control). The pasture was cut at intervals of 48, 34, 43 and 69 days, which corresponded to 266, 300, 343, and 412 days after the last fertilizer application, respectively. Dry matter yield increased by 398 kg ha-1 for each 100...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Nitrogen uptake; Dry matter yield; Manure.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-43662017000600374
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