SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Parry, Ian W.H.; Small, Kenneth A..

This paper develops an analytical framework for assessing the second-best optimal level of gasoline taxation taking into account unpriced pollution, congestion, and accident externalities, and interactions with the broader fiscal system. We provide calculations of the optimal taxes for the US and the UK under a wide variety of parameter scenarios, with the gasoline tax substituting for a distorting tax on labor income. Under our central parameter values, the second-best optimal gasoline tax is $1.01/gal for the US and $1.34/gal for the UK. These values are moderately sensitive to alternative parameter assumptions. The congestion externality is the largest component in both nations, and the higher optimal tax for the UK is due mainly to a higher assumed...

Multi-Market Trading for Cooperative Resource Management: An Application to Water Pollution and Fisheries

Palavras-chave: Gasoline tax; Pollution; Congestion; Accidents; Fiscal interactions; Public Economics; H21; H23; R48.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10461

Horan, Richard D.; Shortle, James S..

Increasingly, environmental problems are recognized to involve linkages across multiple environmental variables (e.g., pollution and a fishery). Prior work on managing these complex, linked systems generally focuses on efficiency rather than implementation. However, implementation is important and will generally involve changing human behaviors within the multiple economic sectors that impact upon the multiple environmental variables. Tradable permit markets are generally seen as a coordinating mechanism, within a particular regulated sector, that enhances efficiency by incentivizing agents to respond to behavioral choices of others within the sector. However, prior work stops short of coordinating behaviors across multiple sectors for cases where...

TARGETING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN AGRICULTURE: IPM AND BMPS AS ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Palavras-chave: Permit trading; Fisheries; Pollution; Shapley values; Bioeconomics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103591

Weaver, Robert D.; Kim, Taeho.

Nonparametric technical efficiency estimates of potentially polluting input use in soybean and wheat indicate substantial heterogeneity across farms. This implies large costs would be associated with uniform standards or incentives to regulate these inputs. While technical efficiency is not observable, indicators of environmentally beneficial practices are found useful predictors.

Emerging Rights and Risks in the Management of Water Quantity and Water Quality

Palavras-chave: Technical efficiency; DEA; Environment performance; Pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21576

O'Sullivan, Dan.

Using transferable water permits has been identified by economists as a necessary tool to efficiently allocate water to its highest valued use. Australian governments have seized the concept and begun to provide mechanisms that separate rights to water from land ownership and allow flexibility to trade the rights. Water trading is slowly taking shape but has been challenged regarding ownership rights and technical applications. Several key studies and projects are now testing a similar process to be used to develop ownership and incentives for diffuse water pollution. This paper analyses how rights to water quantity and water quality are emerging, the policy tools being used, and current challenges for decision makers.

Optimal Soil Management and Environmental Policy

Palavras-chave: Water property rights; Pollution; Permit trading; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31960

Oueslati, Walid.

This paper studies the effects of environmental policy on the farmers soil optimal management. We consider a dynamic economic model of soil erosion where the intensity use of inputs allows the farmer to control soil losses. Therefore, inputs use induces a pollution which is accentuated by the soil fragility. We show, at the steady state, that environmental tax induces a more conservative farmer behavior for soil, but in some cases it can exacerbates pollution. These effects can be moderated when farmer introduces abatement activity.

Poverty and Its Alleviation in Yunnan Province China: Sources, Policies and Solutions

Palavras-chave: Soil erosion; Pollution; Environmental policy; Optimal soil conservation; Abatement activities; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q12; Q24; Q28; Q52; H23.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24533

Zhuge, Ren; Tisdell, Clement A..

Regulating Stock Externalities Under Uncertainty

Palavras-chave: China; Pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53631

Newell, Richard G.; Pizer, William A..

Using a simple analytical model incorporating benefits of a stock, costs of adjusting the stock, and uncertainty in costs, we uncover several important principles governing the choice of price-based policies (e.g., taxes) relative to quantity-based policies (e.g., tradable permits) for controlling stock externalities. Applied to the problem of greenhouse gases and climate change, we find that a price-based instrument generates several times the expected net benefits of a quantity instrument. As in Weitzman (1974), the relative slopes of the marginal benefits and costs of controlling the externality continue to be critical determinants of the efficiency of prices relative to quantities, with flatter marginal benefits and steeper marginal costs favoring...

The European Emission Trading Scheme and Renewable Energy Policies: Credible Targets for Incredible Results?

Palavras-chave: Stock; Externality; Regulation; Policy; Uncertainty; Price; Quantity; Tax; Tradable permit; Pollution; Climate change; Greenhouse Gas; Instrument choice; Risk and Uncertainty; Q28; D81; C61.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10471

Borghesi, Simone.

This paper discusses the merits and limits of the recent European energy policy aimed at reducing carbon emissions, devoting particular attention to the European Trading System of carbon permits and to the measures that the European Union has adopted to promote renewable energy sources. From the comparison of past goals and present results, it is argued that more credible targets for carbon emission reductions and renewable shares would probably help the transition towards an alternative energy system and the necessary reduction of greenhouse gases.

Groundwater policy: issues and alternatives in India

Palavras-chave: Pollution; Sustainable Development; Climate Change; Fossil Fuels; Energy Policy; European Union; European Trading System (ETS); Cap-And-Trade; Renewable Energy Sources; Credibility; Environmental Economics and Policy; L11; Q28; Q38; Q42; Q43; Q48.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98099

Economic Growth and the Environment with Clean and Dirty Consumption

Moench, Marcus.

This paper reviews policy-related issues discussed in recent conferences that will affect groundwater development and management efforts in South Asia. Emphasis is given to policy issues surrounding emerging groundwater depletion and quality concerns, and issues concerning the equitable development of groundwater for poverty alleviation. The paper outlines the range of services that depend on groundwater resources and outlines the range of services that depend on groundwater resources to provide these services, and the complications stemming from the fragmented approach taken to water management throughout the region. A range of responses dealing with the management of the physical system is identified. In conclusion , the paper discusses institutional...

Tipo: Book

Palavras-chave: Groundwater management; Groundwater extraction; Water policy; Monitoring; Environment; Poverty; Aquifers; Case studies; Salinity; Salt water intrusion; Water quality; Pollution; Water market; Water use efficiency; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management; Food Security and Poverty.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113620

Orecchia, Carlo; Tessitore, Maria Elisabetta.

This paper aims to verify the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) or inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation in the context of endogenous growth. An important feature of this study is that the EKC is examined in the presence of pollution as a by product of consumption activities; also, pollution is a stock variable rather than a flow and tends to accumulate over time. In order to highlight the role of consumption on the environment, consumers do not consider directly pollution in the maximization problem and are assumed to choose between two different consumption types, characterized by a different impact on the environment (i.e. dirty and clean consumption). We find that substitution of dirty...

China's Environmental Problems with Particular Attention to its Energy Supply and Air Quality

Palavras-chave: Environmental Kuznets Curve; Economic Growth; Pollution; Consumption; Consumption behaviour; Environmental Economics and Policy; C61; Q56; O44.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115734

Tisdell, Clement A..

Protection of the Environment in Transitional Economies: Strategies and Practices

Palavras-chave: China; Pollution; Natural resource conservation; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1997

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53634

Tisdell, Clement A..

Pollution and the Efficiency of Urban Growth

Palavras-chave: Kuznets curve; Pollution; Centrally Planned Economies; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53594

Quaas, Martin F.; Smulders, Sjak.

We analyze the efficiency of urbanization patterns in a dynamic model of endogenous urban growth with two sectors of production. Production exhibits increasing returns to scale on aggregate. Urban environmental pollution, as a force that discourages agglomeration, is caused by domestic production. We show that cities are too large and too few in number in equilibrium, compared to the efficient urbanization path, if economic growth implies increasing aggregate emissions. If, on the other hand, production becomes cleaner over time (`quality growth') the urbanization path approximates the efficient outcome after finite time.

Imperfect Enforcement of Emissions Trading and Industry Welfare: A Laboratory Investigation

Palavras-chave: Cities; Urbanisation; Pollution; Growth; Migration; Sustainable Development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Q56; R12; O18.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44225

Stranlund, John K.; Murphy, James J.; Spraggon, John M..

This paper uses laboratory experiments to investigate the performance of emission permit markets when compliance is imperfectly enforced. In particular we examine deviations in observed aggregate payoffs and expected penalties from those derived from a model of risk-neutral payoff-maximizing firms. We find that the experimental emissions markets were reasonably efficient at allocating individual emission control choices despite imperfect enforcement and significant noncompliance. However, violations and expected penalties were lower than predicted when these are predicted to be high, but were about the same as predicted values when these values were predicted to be low. Thus, although a standard model of compliance with emissions trading programs tends to...

Are Agricultural Measures for Groundwater Protection Beneficial When Compared to Purification of Polluted Groundwater?

Palavras-chave: Enforcement; Compliance; Emissions trading; Permit markets; Pollution; Laboratory experiments; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; C91; L51; Q58.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42124

Hasler, Berit; Lundhede, Thomas.

The groundwater resource, the drinking water areas and the surface water quality can be protected by measures, e.g. by reductions of pesticide and nutrient applications, conversion of arable land to grasslands or forests etc. The objective of the paper is to estimate the benefits of groundwater protection by the valuation method choice experiments. This method allows for separate estimation and comparison of the different attributes connected to groundwater protection i.e. the effects on drinking water and surface water quality as compared to the benefits from cleaning and treatment of polluted drinking water to make it suitable for drinking water consumption. The results indicate that the benefits are significant, and that the willingness to pay for...

Market-Based Approaches to Pollution Control in the Lake Taupo Catchment in New Zealand

Palavras-chave: Groundwater; Pollution; Drinking water; Valuation; Choice experiments; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q26; Q28; C42; D62.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24587

Paragahawewa, Upananda Herath.

There are at least five general reasons why market-based policies fail to address some of the most basic environmental objectives. This study evaluates the available biophysical and economic data against these criteria and concludes that market-based approaches should be employed cautiously in pollution control under the present system and the available technology for farming in the lake area. The most effective market-based instrument to control pollution, in this case, seems to be negative incentives, as the public net cost of farming is extremely higher than the private net benefits. However, the intensity of taxes that would be effective in this regard would definitely results negative net farm benefits. The principle alternative, emission trading,...

The Effects of Trade Liberalization of the Environment: An Empirical Study

Palavras-chave: Pollution; Market-based policies; Emission trading; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31975

McCarney, Geoffrey R.; Adamowicz, Wiktor L..

We seek to contribute to the emerging economic theory on trade, the environment and development. Using panel data across countries, econometric models are estimated to predict the effects of openness on organic water pollutant (BOD) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Results indicate that freer trade significantly increases emissions of both pollutants, thus reducing environmental quality. Moreover, the panel nature of the data allows heterogeneity across countries to be controlled, so that comparisons can be made of how different national characteristics influence the environmental impact of freer trade. By testing the effects of democratic versus autocratic governance, it is found that while greater democracy can induce significant reductions in BOD...

Regulatory Responses to Potential Pollutants from Animal Feeding Operations: Opting Out of Costly Permitting Regulations

Palavras-chave: Trade; Environment; Growth; Pollution; Governance; Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; C23; Q53; Q56.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25297