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Developmental Toxicity of (4S)-2- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) BABT
Akbulut,Cansu; Öztürk,Burcu; Genc,Hayriye; Zengin,Mustafa; Yön,Nazan Deniz.
ABSTRACT (4S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid is new synthesized substance obtained from cysteine and valine. Thiazolidine derivates have important biological responses so scientists work intensively on these compounds in recent years. It is obvious that thiazolidine contained compounds will be used in future in the pharmaceutical industry to treat important diseases. Median lethal concentrations (LC50) for 48 h and 96 h were found as 1.106±0.052 mM and 0.804mM ± 0.102 respectively. According to LC50, exposure doses were determined as control, 0.4 mM, 0.2 mM and 0.1 mM (4S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Developmental toxicity and apoptotic features on zebrafish development were evaluated in this...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Thiazolidine; Toxicity; Development; Zebrafish; Apoptosis.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132017000100431
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Evaluation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in placentas of rats with severe diabetes BABT
Rudge,Marilza Vieira Cunha; Costa,Elaine; Barbisan,Luis Fernando; Damasceno,Débora Cristina; Bueno,Aline; Saito,Felipe Hiroshi; Calderon,Iracema Mattos Paranhos; Rodrigues,Marcela Marcondes Pinto.
The aim of this work was to analyze the cell proliferation and apoptosis indexes on the 18th and 21st days of pregnancy of diabetic rats and to correlate with maternal glycemia and perinatal outcomes. Placentas from 20 Wistar rats were collected and divided into four experimental groups: control and diabetic of 18 and 21 days of pregnancy. The cell proliferation was analyzed using the PCNA expression and apoptosis by the TUNEL method. It was observed that PCNA and TUNEL indexes decreased from day 18 to 21 of pregnancy in the placentas of diabetic rats and these values were lower than control groups. Diabetic dams presented higher percentage of small for pregnancy age (SPA) fetuses. However, there was no difference between the PCNA and TUNEL indexes in SPA...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Diabetes; Cell proliferation; Apoptosis; Placenta; Rat; IUGR.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132012000200009
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Apoptosis induction by E2F decoy DNA of the prostate cancer cell line BABT
Wang,Tao; Jiang,An -li; Zhang,Jian-ye; Jing,Fei.
To observe effect of E2F decoy DNA on proliferation and apoptosis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line PC-3M the binding specificity of the E2F decoy DNA to the PC-3M nuclear protein was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). E2F decoy DNA, ARE decoy DNA and Control decoy DNA were respectively transfected into PC-3M cells with lipofectamine.Their influence on cell proliferative activity was detected by MTT assay.The cell apoptotic rate was determined by flow cytometric(FCM) analysis and chromosome DNA ladder was detected by DNA gel electrophoresis.The change of mRNA expression of C-myc and CyclinD1 were detected by RT-PCR.The change of mRNA expression of C-myc and CyclinD1 were detected by Western-blot. EMSA demonstrated...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Decoy DNA; Transcription factors; PC-3M cells; Apoptosis.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132010000200011
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Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula Induces Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells Via a Mechanism Involving Mitochondria-mediated Pathways BABT
Wang,Meiling; Yang,Limin; Ji,Musi; Zhao,Pengwei; Sun,Peng; Bai,Ruixia; Tian,Yunpeng; Su,Liping; Li,Cunbao.
The current study was designed to evaluate the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula activity, and the main pathway was detected on lung cancer by extracts of T. chebula. Aqueous extract of T. chebula was separated using a zeolite, and five fractions of T. chebula extract were obtained and analyzed by ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) methods against human lung cancer (A549) and mouse lung cancer cell line LLC. T. chebula acts by regulating the Bcl-2 family protein-mediated mitochondrial pathway detected by western blot. Fraction 4 of the T. chebula extract showed much function and was thus studied further. Fraction 4 increased the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: T. chebula; Aqueous extract; Infrared spectroscopy; Apoptosis.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132015000200208
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Crucial Residues Modulating Interface of hBcl-B - hBaxBH3 Heterodimer as Probed by Computational Methods BABT
Sivakumar,Dakshinamurthy; Sivaraman,Thirunavukkarasu.
ABSTRACT Cancerous cells develop resistance to cell death by over expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, which are specific to interact with pro-apoptotic and BH3-only proteins of Bcl-2 family. Delineating crucial residues mediating the heterodimer complexes (anti-apoptotic proteins - pro-apoptotic/BH3-only proteins) is indispensable to develop specific antagonists to anti-apoptotic proteins. In these backgrounds, we have herein reported crucial residues of hBaxBH3 and hBcl-B (an anti-apoptotic protein specifically interacts with human Bax but does not interact with human Bak) for hetero dimerization of the polypeptides and as well validated the structural determinants of the polypeptides through variety of virtual 'alanine mutants' and 'switch mutants' by...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Apoptosis; Anti-apoptotic proteins; BH3-only peptides; Dimer interface; Dockings; Virtual mutants.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132016000100422
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Apoptosis as a prognostic marker in canine mammary tumors by TUNEL Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.
Pereira,Kariny Sanches; Zuccari,Débora Aparecida Pires de Campos; Cury,Patrícia Maluf; Cordeiro,José Antônio.
Apoptosis plays an important role in oncogenesis determining tumor growth and aggressiveness. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between apoptosis, diagnosis and prognosis in canine mammary tumors. Thirty bitches were submitted to tumor extirpation and a method of labeling apoptotic cells, that labels DNA fragments, by terminal deoxynucleotidyl-tranferase (TdT) mediated by 5' deoxy-uridine-triphosphate (dUTP) nick and labeling (TUNEL) was used. The apoptotic cells were counted in ten high power fields (10HPF). Statistical results showed that when there are more than 30 apoptotic cells/10HPF the prognosis is worse (p= 0,0005). Thus suggesting that apoptosis can be used as a prognostic marker in canine breast tumors.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Apoptosis; Prognosis; Breast cancer; Bitch.
Ano: 2003 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-95962003000500007
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Pathogenic and opportunistic respiratory bacteria-induced apoptosis BJID
Lancellotti,Marcelo; Pereira,Rafaella Fabiana Carneiro; Cury,Gisele Gentile; Hollanda,Luciana Maria de.
Several pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria have the ability to either induce or inhibit host cell apoptosis. The capacity to modulate cell pathways that result in the induction or delay of host cell apoptosis is considered to be an important bacterial virulence mechanism. These processes could be mediated by different host cell signaling pathways that are subverted by the bacteria. Pathogens are able to activate apoptotic proteins, such as caspases, or inactivate anti-apoptotic proteins, such as NFkB and the MAPKKs, or even up-regulate the endogenous receptor/ligand system that induces apoptosis, generally when the bacteria are bound to the host cell surface. The bacteria-induced apoptotic or anti-apoptotic processes are often related with the fact that...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Pathogenic bacteria; Opportunistic bacteria; Apoptosis; Bacteria induce apoptosis; Respiratory bacteria.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702009000300014
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Apoptosis and progression of hepatic fibrosis in hepatitis C patients BJID
Schinoni,Maria Isabel; Paraná,Raymundo; Cavalcante,Daniel.
Hepatitis C is a worldwide endemic disease, affecting roughly 200 million people. It has a variable prognosis, depending on the progression to fibrosis. During the last five years, the importance of apoptosis for the pathogenesis of various diseases, including hepatitis, has been recognized. It has been suggested that an increase in T cell-apoptosis during a hepatitis C virus infection is the cause of impaired regulation of the immune cellular response, helping to maintain infection. Thus, the interest in discovering the probable mechanisms by which the hepatitis C virus perpetuates in the liver, and to determine the conditions that predispose for progression of this disease, makes investigation of apoptosis in hepatic injury of great interest. We have...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Apoptosis; Hepatitis C; Liver fibrosis.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702006000200009
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Effects of Epstein-Barr virus on the development of dendritic cells derived from cord blood monocytes: an essential role for apoptosis BJID
Wang,Juan-Juan; Li,Yu-Feng; Jin,Ying-Ying; Wang,Xi; Chen,Tong-Xin.
OBJECTIVE: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpes virus, which can adapt and evade host immune defense. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of immune responses. This study investigated the effects of EBV on cord blood monocytes derived DCs (CBDC). METHODS: Monocytes were isolated from cord blood and cultured in medium containing recombinant IL-4 and GM-CSF to induce DCs development. B95-8 supernatant was added in monocytes culture medium for EBV infection at day 0. Phenotypic characterization of DCs, apoptotic cells, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected by flow cytometry. The morphology was observed by Hoechst 33258 staining and TUNEL staining, the expression of X-linked inhibitor...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Dendritic cells; Apoptosis; Epstein-Barr virus infections.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702012000100004
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Leishmania donovani infection activates Toll-like receptor 2, 4 expressions and Transforming growth factor-beta mediated apoptosis in renal tissues BJID
Kumar,Vinod; Tiwari,Neeraj; Gedda,Mallikarjuna Rao; Haque,Rizwanul; Singh,Rakesh K..
Abstract The present study was aimed to identify the underlying mechanisms of improper renal function in Leishmania donovani infection that causes VL. Mice (BALB/c) were infected with L. donovani and different parameters for proteinuria were assessed. The levels of superoxide anion (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA), inflammatory cytokines, and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 expression were found significantly elevated at 60th day in these animals and declined at 90th day post infection. However, TGF-β and caspase 3 activities were higher at 90th day in comparison to 60th day post infection. These findings suggested that exacerbated inflammatory conditions correlate with abnormal renal functions in L. donovani infection, which is...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Leishmaniasis; Renal; TLRs; Apoptosis.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702017000500545
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Evaluation of annexin V and Calcein-AM as markers of mononuclear cell apoptosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection BJID
Palma,Priscila F.R.; Baggio,Giovana L.; Spada,Celso; Silva,Renata da; Ferreira,Silvia Inês A.C.P.; Treitinger,Aricio.
Evaluation of apoptosis by flow cytometry is generally accomplished by methods that use annexin V-FITC as vital dye, which access phosphatidylserine exposed on the external membrane at the beginning of this process. In addition, the concomitant use of propidium iodide makes possible to verify the characteristic nuclear alterations in the late stages of apoptosis, as a consequence of the increase in membrane permeability. On the other hand, the use of calcein-AM in association with ethidium homodimer (EthD-1) allows the evaluation of cell apoptosis through detection of esterase activity and cellular membrane physical and chemical alterations. The aim of this study was to compare the sensibility of calcein-AM and EthD-1 with annexin V-FITC and propidium...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Apoptosis; Flow cytometry; Annexin V; Propidium iodide; Calcein-AM; Ethidium homodimer.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702008000200003
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Effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on lymphocyte apoptosis, lymphocyte viability, TNF-alpha and IL-8 in HIV-infected patients undergoing anti-retroviral treatment BJID
Treitinger,Aricio; Spada,Celso; Masokawa,Ivete Yoshico; Verdi,Júlio César Vidal; Silveira,Mariette Van Der  Sander; Luis,Magali Chaves; Reis,Marcellus; Ferreira,Silvia Inês Alejandra Cordova de Pires; Abdalla,Dulcinéia Saes Parra.
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) has been proposed as an additional therapeutic agent for AIDS patients because it reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes, and it ameliorates immunological reactivity. In a randomized, 180-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed with HIV-infected patients classified as A2 and A3 according to the criteria of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, we investigated the effects of oral administration of NAC on HIV-infected patients undergoing their first anti-retroviral therapy; viral load, CD4+ lymphocyte, lymphocyte viability and apoptosis, and TNF-alpha and IL-8 levels were determined. Sixteen patients who received anti-retroviral therapy plus a placebo...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: N-acetylcysteine; Apoptosis; Viability; HIV; Glutathione; TNF-alpha; IL-8.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702004000500005
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Miltefosine induces metacaspase and PARP genes expression in Leishmania infantum BJID
Khademvatan,Shahram; Gharavi,Mohammad Javad; Saki,Jasem.
OBJECTIVES: Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that occurs in both animal and plant cells. Protozoan parasites possess metacaspase and these caspase-related proteases could be involved in the PCD pathways in these organisms. Therefore we analyzed the activities of metacaspase and PARP genes in Leishmania infantum (MCAN/IR/96/LON49) treated with miltefosine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-leishmania activity of miltefosine was studied by treatment of cultured promastigotes with various concentration of miltefosine. MTT assay and Annexin-V FLUOS staining by using FACS flow cytometry methods were used. Cytotoxic potential of HePC on the amastigots of L.infantum was evaluated in J774 cell line. In addition, metacaspase and PARP genes...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Leishmania infantum; Apoptosis; Gene expression.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702011000500005
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Long non-coding RNA-ROR aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury BJMBR
Zhang,Weiwei; Li,Ying; Wang,Peng.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, especially in myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we determined the role and the possible underlying molecular mechanism of lncRNA-ROR in myocardial I/R injury. H9c2 cells and human cardiomyocytes (HCM) were subjected to either hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), I/R or normal conditions (normoxia). The expression levels of lncRNA-ROR were detected in serum of myocardial I/R injury patients, H9c2 cells, and HCM by qRT-PCR. Then, levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were measured by...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: LncRNA; Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R); Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R); Cell viability; Apoptosis.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2018000600609
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Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits invasion and induces apoptosis via reducing S100A4 expression and increases PUMA expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells BJMBR
Ma,Lei; Chen,Yongjun; Han,Rui; Wang,Shuangyi.
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) has been shown to inhibit invasion and induce apoptosis of various types of cancer. However, its role on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells is still not well elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of BITC on apoptosis and invasion of SCC9 cells, and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. SCC9 cells were exposed to BITC (5 and 25 μM) for 24 and 48 h. Cell growth, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were detected in vitro by MTT, FITC-conjugated annexin V/propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry, Matrigel-coated semi-permeable modified Boyden, and wound-healing assay. S100A4, PUMA, and MMP-9 expressions were detected to investigate its mechanisms. Xenotransplantation...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Benzyl isothiocyanate; Apoptosis; S100A4; MMP-9; PUMA.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2019000400605
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Interleukin-27 augments the inhibitory effects of sorafenib on bladder cancer cells BJMBR
Cao,J.Y.; Yin,H.S.; Li,H.S.; Yu,X.Q.; Han,X..
Both sorafenib and interleukin-27 (IL-27) are antineoplastic drugs. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of these two drugs on bladder cancer cells. HTB-9 and T24 cells were stimulated with IL-27 (50 ng/mL), sorafenib (2 μM) or the synergistic action of these two drugs. The cells without treatment acted as control. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion were measured by bromodeoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry and modified Boyden chamber, respectively. Simultaneously, both modified Boyden chamber and scratch assay were used to assess cell migration. Finally, the phosphorylation levels of key kinases in the Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and expression levels of matrix...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Sorafenib; Interleukin 27; Proliferation; Apoptosis; Invasion; Akt/mTOR/MAPK.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2017000800610
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Effect of different durations of overdistention on rat bladder function and morphology BJMBR
Jin,Xiao-Dong; Cao,Min; Zhou,Xie-Lai; Yin,Hong-Ping; Chen,Zhao-Dian; Xu,Ning; Jiang,Hai.
We investigated the contribution of the duration of overdistention (DOD) to rat bladder function and morphology and explored its possible molecular mechanisms. Bladder overdistention was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) by an infusion of saline. Forty rats were divided into 5 groups submitted to different DOD, i.e., 1, 2, 4, and 8 h, and control. Bladder function was evaluated by cystometry. Morphological changes were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Compared to control (44.567 ± 3.472 cmH2O), the maximum detrusor pressure of groups with 2-, 4- and 8-h DOD decreased significantly (means ± SEM): 32.774 ± 3.726, 31.321 ± 2.847, and 29.238 ± 3.724 cmH2O. With the increase of DOD, inflammatory infiltration and impairment...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Acute urinary retention; Bladder overdistention; Urodynamics; Ultrastructure; Apoptosis; Rat.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2012001000006
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microRNA-142-3p inhibits apoptosis and inflammation induced by bleomycin through down-regulation of Cox-2 in MLE-12 cells BJMBR
Guo,F.; Lin,S.C.; Zhao,M.S.; Yu,B.; Li,X.Y.; Gao,Q.; Lin,D.J..
microRNA (miR)-142-3p is implicated in malignancy and has been identified as a biomarker for aggressive and recurrent lung adenocarcinomas. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of miR-142-3p on apoptosis and inflammation induced by bleomycin in MLE-12 cells. MLE-12 cells were first transfected either with miR-142-3p mimic or miR-142-3p inhibitor and then the cells were exposed to 50 μg/mL of bleomycin. Thereafter, cell viability, apoptosis and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed using CCK-8, flow cytometry, RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Cox-2, PI3K, AKT and mTOR expressions were detected by western blotting after bleomycin was administered together with NS-398 (an inhibitor of Cox-2). As a result, cell viability was...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: MiR-142-3p; MLE-12 cells; Bleomycin; Apoptosis; Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2017000700606
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The role of stress-activated protein kinase signaling in renal pathophysiology BJMBR
Ma,F.Y.; Liu,J.; Nikolic-Paterson,D.J..
Two major stress-activated protein kinases are the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK). p38 and JNK are widely expressed in different cell types in various tissues and can be activated by a diverse range of stimuli. Signaling through p38 and JNK is critical for embryonic development. In adult kidney, p38 and JNK signaling is evident in a restricted pattern suggesting a normal physiological role. Marked activation of both p38 and JNK pathways occurs in human renal disease, including glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy and acute renal failure. Administration of small molecule inhibitors of p38 and JNK has been shown to provide protection from renal injury in different types of experimental kidney disease...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: P38; C-Jun amino terminal kinase; Inflammation; Fibrosis; Apoptosis; Renal pathophysiology.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2009000100006
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Ginsenoside Rg1 protects human renal tubular epithelial cells from lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and inflammation damage BJMBR
Ni,X.J.; Xu,Z.Q.; Jin,H.; Zheng,S.L.; Cai,Y.; Wang,J.J..
Ginsenoside Rg1, one of the most notable active components of Panax ginseng, has been widely reported to exert anti-inflammatory actions. This study aimed to reveal whether ginsenoside Rg1 also exhibits beneficial roles against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis and inflammation in human renal tubular epithelial cells, and to evaluate the potential role of the component on tubulointerstitial nephritis treatment. HK-2 cells were treated with various doses of ginsenoside Rg1 (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) in the absence or presence of 5 μg/mL LPS. Thereafter, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, western blot, migration assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and ELISA were carried out to respectively assess cell viability, apoptosis, migration, ROS...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Ginsenoside Rg1; LPS; Apoptosis; Inflammation; PI3K/AKT pathway; NF-κB pathway.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2018000200608
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