SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Chouinard, Hayley H.; Davis, David E.; LaFrance, Jeffrey T.; Perloff, Jeffrey M..

We apply an incomplete demand system to supermarket scanner data to estimate the effects of a fat tax on dairy products for different demographic groups. We find own-price elasticities of demand are relatively inelastic and vary little across groups. A fat tax may be an effective means to raise revenue, but will not result in a significant reduction in fat consumption. The welfare effects associated with a fat tax are large and vary greatly across demographic groups. These fat taxes are regressive in nature, as the elderly and poor suffer greater welfare losses.

Caloric Sweetened Beverage Taxes: The Good Food/Bad Food Trap

Palavras-chave: Fat tax; Incomplete demand system; Demand and Price Analysis; Livestock Production/Industries; Public Economics; H2; I18.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25078

A REGIONAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF THE WELFARE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFERS: AN ANALYSIS OF PROGRESA IN MEXICO

Johnson, Robbin S..

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Beverage Taxes; Obesity Prevention; Public Health Strategies; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy; H; H2; H25.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117138

Coady, David P.; Harris, Rebecca Lee.

Using a regionally disaggregated computable general equilibrium model, we analyze the differential welfare impacts of a cash transfer program targeted at rural areas. The direct effect of the transfers decreases regional income differentials, but the indirect effects depend on how the program is financed. Financing the program with a more efficient tax system is also less regressive and has favorable urban impacts. The less efficient instruments result in relatively higher incomes in all rural regions, but are more regressive. The increasing share of urban poverty highlights the shortcomings of rural targeting and raises the issue of horizontal equity.

The Role of Economics in Extended Producer Responsibility: Making Policy Choices and Setting Policy Goals

Palavras-chave: General equilibrium; Targeted transfers; Regional impacts; Tax incidence; Food Security and Poverty; D3; D58; D60; H2; O10; O54; R13.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16303

Walls, Margaret.

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) embodies the notion that producers should be made physically or financially responsible for the environmental impacts their products have at the end of product life. The EPR concept has taken hold in Europe and is garnering wide interest in the United States, where a variant known as "shared product responsibility" or "product stewardship" is usually the preferred approach. There are several policy instruments that are consistent with EPR-product take-back mandates, advance disposal fees, deposit-refunds, recycled content standards, and more. The EPR concept itself, however, provides little guidance about which of these instruments might be appropriate under particular conditions and for particular products. Moreover,...

The Economics of Health Behavior and Vitamin Consumption

Palavras-chave: EPR; Recycling; Design for environment; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q2; H2.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10855

Schroeter, Christiane; Anders, Sven M.; Carlson, Andrea; Rickard, Bradley J..

Conventionally, fruits and vegetables have been the major source of micronutrients. However, with the rising availability of nutritional supplements, U.S. consumers no longer need to rely on food alone for their nutritional needs. Time-pressured consumers with limited cooking skills and nutrition knowledge may find it easier to take vitamin supplements. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of lifestyle, diet behavior including vitamin supplement consumption, and food culture on diet quality outcomes as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI) and total energy intake. We use the 2003-04 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to examine the relationship between HEI and caloric intake. Further, our specific...

International Energy R&D Spillovers and the Economics of Greenhouse Gas Atmospheric Stabilization

Palavras-chave: Vitamins; Supplements; Fruits and vegetables; NHANES; Health production; Healthy Eating Index - 2005; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy; I1; H2.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116391

Bosetti, Valentina; Carraro, Carlo; Massetti, Emanuele; Tavoni, Massimo.

It is widely recognized that technological change has the potential to reduce GHG emissions without compromising economic growth; hence, any better understanding of the process of technological innovation is likely to increase our knowledge of mitigation possibilities and costs. This paper explores how international knowledge flows affect the dynamics of the domestic R&D sector and the main economic and environmental variables. The analysis is performed using WITCH, a dynamic regional model of the world economy, in which energy technical change is endogenous. The focus is on disembodied energy R&D international spillovers. The knowledge pool from which regions draw foreign ideas differs between High Income and Low Income countries. Absorption...

Environmental Policy, Spatial Spillovers and the Emergence of Economic Agglomerations

Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Energy R&D; International R&D Spillovers; Stabilization; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H0; H2; H3.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8217

Kyriakopoulou, Efthymia; Xepapadeas, Anastasios.

We explain the spatial concentration of economic activity, in a model of economic geography, when the cost of environmental policy - which is increasing in the concentration of emissions - and an immobile production factor act as centrifugal forces, while positive knowledge spillovers and iceberg transportation costs act as centripetal forces. We study the agglomeration effects caused by trade-offs between centripetal and centrifugal forces. The above effects govern firms’ location decisions and as a result, they define the distribution of economic activity across space. We derive the rational expectations equilibrium and the social optimum, compare the outcomes and characterize the optimal spatial policies.

Employment and Growth Effects of Tax Reforms in a Growth-Matching Model

Palavras-chave: Agglomeration; Spatial Economics; Environmental Policy; Knowledge Spillovers; Transportation Cost; Environmental Economics and Policy; R3; Q5; H2.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54289

Birk, Angela; Michaelis, Jochen.

This paper explores how revenue-neutral tax reforms impact employment and economic growth in models of exogenous and endogenous growth and search frictions on the labor market. We show that (i) a cut in the payroll tax financed by an increase in the wage tax lowers both equilibrium employment and the equilibrium growth rate, that (ii) a higher energy tax combined with a cut in wage taxes boosts employment but has an ambiguous effect on growth, and that (iii) a higher energy tax combined with a cut in payroll taxes enhances employment but mitigates economic growth.

The Role of R&D and Technology Diffusion in Climate Change Mitigation: New Perspectives Using the Witch Model

Palavras-chave: Search unemployment; Growth; Tax reform; Labor and Human Capital; Public Economics; E6; H2; J6; O4.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26324

Bosetti, Valentina; Carraro, Carlo; Duval, Romain; Sgobbi, Alessandra; Tavoni, Massimo.

This paper uses the WITCH model, a computable general equilibrium model with endogenous technological change, to explore the impact of various climate policies on energy technology choices and the costs of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations. Current and future expected carbon prices appear to have powerful effects on R&D spending and clean technology diffusion. Their impact on stabilisation costs depends on the nature of R&D: R&D targeted at incremental energy efficiency improvements has only limited effects, but R&D focused on the emergence of major new low-carbon technologies could lower costs drastically if successful – especially in the non-electricity sector, where such low-carbon options are scarce today. With emissions coming...

The Cost of Reducing Municipal Solid Waste

Palavras-chave: Climate policy; Energy R&D; Fund; Stabilisation costs; Environmental Economics and Policy; H0; H2; H3; H4; O3; Q32; Q43; Q54.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50363

Palmer, Karen L.; Sigman, Hilary; Walls, Margaret.

This paper explores public policies for reduction of municipal solid waste. We parameterize a simple model of waste disposal using supply and demand elasticities from the economics literature and 1990 prices and quantities of recyclable and recycled materials. Using this model, we calculate the waste reduction in response to three public policies: (i) deposit/ refunds, (ii) advance disposal fees, and (iii) recycling subsidies. The results illustrate the effects of the three policies on source reduction and recycling of five recyclable materials that comprise 56 percent of municipal solid waste: aluminum, glass, paper, plastic, and steel. The calculated responses provide information about the cost of reducing municipal solid waste through various policies....

Optimal Investment and Financial Strategies under Tax Rate Uncertainty

Palavras-chave: Solid waste; Deposit/refund; Recycling subsidy; Secondary materials; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; H2.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10898

Fedele, Alessandro; Panteghini, Paolo M.; Vergalli, Sergio.

In this paper we apply a real-option model to study the effects of tax rate uncertainty on a firm's decisions. In doing so, we depart from the relevant literature, which focuses on fully equity-financed investment projects. By letting a representative firm borrow optimally, we show that debt finance not only encourages investment activities but can also substantially mitigate the effect of tax rate uncertainty on investment timing.

Devolution and Accountability Effects in the Public Provision of Water Services in Indonesia

Palavras-chave: Capital Levy; Corporate Taxation; Default Risk; Real Options; Financial Economics; H2.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91001

Meirelles, Patricia; Rodriguez, Catherine.

This paper separately evaluates how devolution and accountability, two distinct aspects of the decentralization reforms implemented in Indonesia in the year 2001, influenced the public provision of water services. Using household level data it is found that the devolution of responsibility does not necessarily affect the provision of public services. Our findings show that the quality of publicly provided water decreased only in cities in which devolution was accompanied by a change in accountability. Robustness checks suggest that these results are driven by changes in the accountability framework rather than trends in the health services.

Should Soft Drinks be Taxed More Heavily?

Palavras-chave: Indonesia; Decentralization; Accountability; Devolution; Water; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O2; I18; H2; H54.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/107395

Policy Options form Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Implications for Agriculture

Runge, C. Ford.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Soft Drink Taxes; Obesity; Substitution Effects; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy; H; H2; H25.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117063

Metcalf, Gilbert E.; Reilly, John M..

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Q1; Q2; Q5; H2.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94504

A 2004 Social Accounting Matrix for Israel: Documentation of an Economy-Wide Database with a Focus on Agriculture, the Labour Market, and Income Distribution

Siddig, Khalid H.A.; Flaig, Dorothee; Luckmann, Jonas; Grethe, Harald.

This document describes the Israeli Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the year 2004, developed by the Agricultural and Food Policy Group at the University of Hohenheim. The SAM is a part of a larger research project which aims to analyse several economic, trade, and labour policies in the context of economic integration of agriculture between Israel and the West Bank. Data are obtained from various sources in Israel. Sources include the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS), the Central Bank of Israel (CBI), and the Israeli Tax Authority (ITA). Data from sources outside of Israel are used to fill-in some gaps in the domestic reports. External sources include the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and...

Disaster Relief through the Tax Code: Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf Opportunity Zone

Palavras-chave: SAM; IO Table; CGE; Database; Israel.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Labor and Human Capital; C6; C8; D1; D3; D5; D6; E2; E6; F1; F2; H2.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/110156

Williamson, James M.; Pender, John L..

Palavras-chave: This project investigates the impact of geo-graphically targeted Federal tax relief enacted in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. To facilitate administration of relief efforts and define eligibility for the temporary tax law changes; The Gulf Opportunity Zone (GO Zone) was created. We estimate the initial impacts of these tax incentives using propensity score matching (PSM) and Mahalanobis metric matching (MM) methods; Combined with difference-in-difference (DD) estimation; To limit the confounding influences of observable and fixed unobservable differences between counties affected by these incentives and similarly storm-damaged counties in the region that were not included in the GO Zone. Results show that per capita personal income and net earnings increased more rapidly in GO Zone counties that experienced minimal storm damage than in similar non-GO Zone counties in the GO Zone States and neighboring States.; Public Economics; H2; H24; H25.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103578

Abatement Cost Uncertainty and Policy Instrument Selection under a Stringent Climate Policy. A Dynamic Analysis

Bosetti, Valentina; Golub, Alexander; Markandya, Anil; Massetti, Emanuele; Tavoni, Massimo.

This paper investigates the relative economic and environmental outcomes of price versus quantity mechanisms to control GHG emissions when abatement costs are uncertain. In particular, we evaluate the impacts on policy costs, CO2 emissions and energy R&D for a stringent mitigation target of 550 ppmv CO2 equivalent (i.e. 450 for CO2 only) concentrations. The analysis is performed in an optimal growth framework via Monte Carlo simulations of the integrated assessment model WITCH (World Induced Technical Change Hybrid). Results indicate that the price instrument stochastically dominates the quantity instrument when a stringent stabilization policy is in place.

The Response of Consumption to Income Shocks: Evidence from the Indian Trade Liberalization

Palavras-chave: Abatement Costs; Climate Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; H2; C6; Q5.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6383

Tandon, Sharad; Landes, Maurice R..

This paper uses the Indian tariff reforms of the early nineties to estimate how households responded to the negative income shocks caused by the tariff decreases. Households more hurt by the tariff reform decreased overall expenditure, but the response is not uniform across food items. In particular, households more hurt by the reform did not change their consumption of cereals, but decreased their consumption of all other food items. Although this coping mechanism helped maintain overall levels of calorie consumption, diet diversity and the associated benefits were sacrificed.

Multinational Taxation and International Emissions Trading

Palavras-chave: Nutrition; Trade; Development; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; D7; D8; H2; O2.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103767

Fischer, Carolyn.

Many studies have shown that the activities of multinational corporations are quite sensitive to differences in income tax rates across countries. In this paper I explore the interaction between multinational taxation and abatement activities under an international emissions permit trading scheme. Four types of plans are considered: (1) a single domestic permit system with international offsets; (2) separate national permit systems without trade; (3) separate national permit systems with limited offsets; and (4) an international permit trading system. For each plan, I model the incentives for the multinational firm to choose abatement activities at home and abroad and to transfer emissions credits between parent and subsidiary. Limits on trading across...

Agricultural Efficiency Gains and Trade Liberalization in Sudan

Palavras-chave: Emission permits; Transfer pricing; Taxation; Multinational corporations; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; H2; F2; Q2.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10816

Siddig, Khalid H.A.; Babiker, Babiker Idris.

The traditional agriculture in Sudan occupies 60% of the total cultivated land and employs 65% of the agricultural population. Nevertheless, it is characterized by its low crop productivity, which is mainly driven by low technical efficiency, while drought and civil conflicts threaten most of its areas countrywide. Therefore, it has contributed only an average of 16% to the total agricultural GDP during the last decade. This paper addresses from an empirical point of view the sectoral and macroeconomic implications of agricultural efficiency improvement in Sudan and assesses the efficiency gains under the assumption of trade liberalization. Efficiency improvement experiments are implemented by augmenting the efficiency parameters of labor, capital, and...