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| Engle, Patrice L.; Menon, Purnima; Garrett, James L.; Slack, Alison. |
| The UNICEF-expanded model for nutrition is used to analyze the circumstances of care in urban environments. The model postulates that there are six major types of care behaviors: feeding and breast-feeding, food preparation and handling, hygiene behavior, psychosocial care, care for women, and home health practices. These behaviors require the resources of education and knowledge of the caregivers, the physical and mental health of caregivers, autonomy in decisionmaking, time availability, and the social support of the family and community in order to ensure adequate care for the child. This paper describes each of these constraints, and two of the behaviors (feeding and health care utilization) in urban and rural areas. Data from Demographic and Health... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Child Feeding; Food handling; Urban health; Urbanization; Education; Research; Gender; Health and Nutrition; Education; Childcare and work; Livelihoods; Urban programming; Food Security and Poverty. |
| Ano: 1997 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97296 |
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| Ruel, Marie T.; Garrett, James L.; Morris, Saul Sutkover; Maxwell, Daniel G.; Oshaug, Arne; Engle, Patrice L.; Menon, Purnima; Slack, Alison; Haddad, Lawrence James. |
| No developing country can afford to ignore the shift in the locus of poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition from rural to urban areas it is now experiencing. This review of recent literature explores the urban face of food and nutrition security in a more comprehensive, integrated way than most previous efforts. The review is organized around a conceptual framework that identifies food insecurity, inadequate caring behaviors, and poor health as the primary causes of malnutrition. It discusses current knowledge in eight areas that require the special attention of policymakers, development practitioners, and program administrators who wish to improve urban food and nutrition security: • the sources and cost of food; • incomes and employment; • urban... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty. |
| Ano: 1998 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94860 |
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| Engle, Patrice L.; Menon, Purnima; Haddad, Lawrence James. |
| The concept of "care" as an analytical construct is still new to many outside the nutrition field. Moreover, for those in the field, care is problematic from the measurement point of view. Our hope is that this paper provides an effective introduction to care for the former group, and a useful summary for the latter group of attempts to develop care indicators. Care is the provision in the household and the community of time, attention and support to meet the physical, mental, and social needs of the growing child and other household members. The significance of care has been best articulated in the UNICEF framework. This paper extends the model presented by UNICEF by defining resources for care and specific care behaviors, and presenting an argument for... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Child Care; Child Feeding; Food Availability; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety. |
| Ano: 1996 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97306 |
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| Engle, Patrice L.; Castle, Sarah; Menon, Purnima. |
| Many of the challenges facing children now are a function of the changing times, including increases in urbanization, political violence, changing family forms, and, in some areas, decreased supplies of adequate food. This paper reviews the evolving nature of these risks. In addition, the paper analyzes the development of formal and informal strategies to ameliorate the vulnerability and promote the resilience of young children to these risks. The paper identifies four stages in the research process regarding risks for children: (1) identification of the risk; (2) clarification of etiology and consequences; (3) recognition of resilience among some individuals; and (4) definition of factors in resilience and implications for intervention. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Food Supply; Urbanization; Child Development; Health Services; Welfare Economics; Labor and Human Capital. |
| Ano: 1996 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97309 |
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