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| John R. Skoyles. |
| 1.	After weaning, human hunter-gatherer juveniles receive substantial (≈3.5-7 MJ day^-1^), extended (≈15 years) and reliable (kin and nonkin food pooling) energy provision.
2.	The childhood (pediatric) and the adult human brain takes a very high share of both basal metabolic rate (BMR) (child: 50-70%; adult: ≈20%) and total energy expenditure (TEE) (child: 30-50%; adult: ≈10%).
3.	The pediatric brain for an extended period (≈4-9 years-of-age) consumes roughly 50% more energy than the adult one, and after this, continues during adolescence, at a high but declining rate. Within the brain, childhood cerebral gray matter has an even higher 1.9 to... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Developmental Biology; Neuroscience; Evolutionary Biology. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1856/version/2 |
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| Bernt C. Skottun; John R. Skoyles. |
| Conlon at al. (2011, Brain and Cognition, 76, 197-205) studied the responses of dyslexic readers and controls to rapidly presented stimuli. They found that the dyslexic readers showed poorer performance than the controls but only when the interstimulus interval (ISI) was short (150 ms), not when it was long (350 ms). This difference they attributed to a magnocellular or dorsal stream deficiency. However, they did not compute the temporal frequency spectra of the two stimuli. This is done here. It is found that it is very difficult to draw any conclusions with regard to the magnocellular system or the dorsal stream using these stimuli. |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Neuroscience. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/6050/version/1 |
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| John R. Skoyles. |
| Mucosal immunity distinguishes not only different microbial antigens but also separates those of pathogens from those of commensals. How this is done is unknown. The present view is that the pathogen/commensal determination of antigens depends upon as yet to be discovered molecular patterns. Here I review the biological feasibility that it also involves the detection of the invasive differences in their motility towards the gut wall when they are sampled by differently biased methods. 

By their nature, pathogens and commensals have different motility – invasive and noninvasive – in regard to the epithelium. The immune system is in a position to detect such motility differences. This biological... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Immunology; Microbiology. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1895/version/1 |
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| John R. Skoyles; Bernt C. Skottun. |
| A number of investigators have found perceptual deficits in schizophrenic subjects. It has also been indicated that those with schizophrenia suffer from reduced attention. This raises the possibility that their perceptual deficits may wholly or in part reflect attentional effects. The present study used computer simulations to examine the potential effects of inattention on performance measures determined with three psychophysical methods: the Two Alternative Forced Choice (2-AFC) Staircase Method, the Two Alternative Forced Choice (2-AFC) Fixed Stimuli Method, and the Yes/No Method. It is shown that both 2-AFC methods are susceptible to attentional effects but, in contrast, the Yes/No Method may allow for the differentiation of attentional effects from... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Neuroscience. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1584/version/1 |
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| John R. Skoyles. |
| 1.	After weaning, human hunter-gatherer juveniles receive substantial (≈3.5-7 MJ day^-1^), extended (≈15 years) and reliable (kin and nonkin food pooling) energy provision.
2.	The childhood (pediatric) and the adult human brain takes a very high share of both basal metabolic rate (BMR) (child: 50-70%; adult: ≈20%) and total energy expenditure (TEE) (child: 30-50%; adult: ≈10%).
3.	The pediatric brain for an extended period (≈4-9 years-of-age) consumes roughly 50% more energy than the adult one, and after this, continues during adolescence, at a high but declining rate. Within the brain, childhood cerebral gray matter has an even higher 1.9 to... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Developmental Biology; Ecology; Neuroscience. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1856/version/1 |
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| John R. Skoyles. |
| Human dexterity, bipedality, and song/speech vocalization in Homo are reviewed within a motor evolution perspective in regard to 

(i) brain expansion in cerebello-cerebral circuitry, 
(ii) enhanced predictive internal modeling of body kinematics, body kinetics and action organization, 
(iii) motor mastery due to prolonged practice, 
(iv) task-determined top-down, and accurately timed feedforward motor adjustment of multiple-body/artifact elements, and 
(v) reduction in automatic preflex/spinal reflex mechanisms that would otherwise restrict such top-down processes. 

Dual-task interference and developmental neuroimaging... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Ecology; Neuroscience. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2092/version/1 |
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