|
|
|
| Registros recuperados: 26 | |
|
|
| Martin, William J.. |
| Random variation in output may lead to serious bias in cost function estimates. Despite the availability of simple, consistent instrumental variable estimators to deal with this problem, most empirical studies appear to have ignored this errors-in-variables problem, or dealt with it in an ad hoc manner. In this note, an instrumental variable approach is suggested, and applied to the estimation of cost-output relationships for a sample of irrigated citrus farms. Ordinary least squares was found to result in a statistically significant bias. Although this bias did not alter the economic interpretation of the results for the sample used, the bias is likely to be more serious for samples with greater chance variation in output. Thus, it is argued that all cost... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Demand and Price Analysis. |
| Ano: 1983 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12514 |
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Ahmed, Syud Amer; Hertel, Thomas W.; Martin, William J.. |
| Climate volatility affects agricultural variability, and extreme climate outcomes have the potential to detrimentally affect food supply and prices in a given country. International trade has the potential to reduce the impacts of climate-induced food production variability, although it may further expose the country to international price volatility. This study focuses on Tanzania and finds that global production volatility currently has very little effect on domestic grain prices due to the country’s limited integration with the international grains market. Almost all the price volatility in grains is attributable to domestic production volatility. At the same time, an export ban that was a response to the 2007-2008 food price crisis increases potential... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61818 |
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Martin, William J.; Anderson, Kym. |
| A successful agreement on agriculture is critical for an overall agreement under the Doha negotiations. But before the final agreement is known, some critical decisions must be made about issues such as resumption of the negotiations, and the key tradeoffs to be made following resumption. We consider four of the most controversial areas of the agricultural negotiations: the relative importance of domestic support, market access and export subsidies; the sensitive-product exceptions sought for all countries; the additional special product exceptions sought for developing countries; and the proposed special safeguard mechanism. We show that the decisions made on reform in these areas will have a critical influence on whether the negotiations achieve their... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9467 |
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Anderson, Kym; Dimaranan, Betina V.; Hertel, Thomas W.; Martin, William J.. |
| Rapid industrialization in East Asia, particularly China, is raising questions about who will feed the region in the next century and how Asia will be able to pay for its food imports. The paper ®rst reviews existing food sector projections and then takes an economy-wide perspective using projections to 2005, based on the global CGE model known as GTAP. After showing the impact of implementing the Uruguay Round, the paper explores several alternative scenarios. A slowdown in farm productivity growth is shown to be costly to the world economy, as is slower economic growth in China. Failure to honour Uruguay Round obligations to open textile and clothing markets in OECD countries would reduce East Asia's industrialization and thereby slow its net imports of... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 1997 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118006 |
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Lin, Justin Yifu; Martin, William J.. |
| The financial crisis arose in the industrial countries, but has affected developing countries through higher interest rates, sharp changes in commodity prices and reductions in investment, trade, migration and remittances. Some also see the recent food price crisis as a strongly related phenomenon. For most low income countries, shocks that affect food prices or wage rates for unskilled workers seem likely to have the biggest impact on poverty. Policies to address the crisis must include measures: to deal with financial sector problems; the resulting reductions in aggregate demand; and the particular vulnerabilities of poor people. |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Financial Economics. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53208 |
| |
|
|
| Anderson, Kym; Cockburn, John; Martin, William J.. |
| Trade policy reforms in recent decades have sharply reduced the distortions that were harming agriculture in developing countries, yet global trade in farm products continues to be far more distorted than trade in nonfarm goods. Those distortions reduce some forms of poverty and inequality but worsen others, so the net effects are unclear without empirical modeling. This paper summarizes a series of new economy-wide global and national empirical studies that focus on the net effects of the remaining distortions to world merchandise trade on poverty and inequality globally and in various developing countries. The global LINKAGE model results suggest that removing those remaining distortions would reduce international inequality, largely by boosting net farm... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Poverty; Income inequality; Price distortions; Farm trade policy; International Development. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58880 |
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Martin, William J.. |
| Recent discussion of the process of policy reform has tended to focus on public and private interest theories of public choice as alternative models. The analysis of Australian agricultural policy presented in this paper draws on several extensions of the private interest model including the contractarian framework, extra-rational considerations such as moral attitudes and the desire to participate. Recent agricultural policy reforms in Australia are examined in the light of those theories. This examination highlights the importance of ideas and changes in the rules for policy formulation in influencing policy outcomes. In some cases the private interest theory appears to offer an adequate explanation while, in others, it provides only a partial... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy. |
| Ano: 1990 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/22355 |
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Ivanic, Maros; Martin, William J.. |
| The proximate cause of the collapse of the Doha Agenda negotiations in 2008 was disagreement over the volume-based Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM). This measure would provide a right, but not an obligation, for developing countries to impose a duty when imports increase. While many simulations of its impact on domestic prices are available, there appear to be no analyses of its potential impacts on the welfare of poor households. Whether such a safeguard will increase or reduce poverty can only be determined empirically—if there are enough small, poor farmers who are net sellers of the commodity when the duty is imposed, then imposition of a safeguard duty may reduce poverty. If, by contrast, most small, poor farmers are net buyers of the products... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103969 |
| |
|
|
| Martin, William J.; Anderson, Kym. |
| This paper shows that research on international agricultural trade reform can make much greater contributions to understanding than was feasible in earlier trade negotiations. Part of this is due to improvements in the basic data on production, consumption and trade associated with the development of the GTAP database and part due to the greater availability of disaggregated data on applied and bound rates of protection. Unfortunately, the framework in which we operate means that we are reduced to measuring gains that are substantially less than one percent of GDP. New developments in theory and method provide the potential for our quantitative analysis to be improved in at least six areas, including improvements in: the measurement of protection;... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Trade negotiations; Multilateral; Agricultural trade; Welfare evaluation; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F13; F11; F12. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25628 |
| |
|
|
| Anderson, Kym; Martin, William J.; Valenzuela, Ernesto. |
| The claim by global trade modelers that the potential contribution to global economic welfare of removing agricultural subsidies is less than one-tenth of that from removing agricultural tariffs puzzles many observers. To help explain that result, this paper first compares the OECD and model-based estimates of the extent of the producer distortions (leaving aside consumer distortions), and shows that 75 percent of total support is provided by market access barriers when account is taken of all forms of support to farmers and to agricultural processors globally, and only 19 percent to domestic farm subsidies. We then provide a back-of-the-envelope (BOTE) calculation of the welfare cost of those distortions. Assuming unitary supply and demand elasticities,... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21180 |
| |
| Registros recuperados: 26 | |
|
|
|
