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Registros recuperados: 38
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Why Do Rural Firms Live Longer? AgEcon
Yu, Li; Orazem, Peter F.; Jolly, Robert W..
Rural firms have a higher survival rate than urban firms. Over the first 13 years after firm entry, the hazard rate for firm exits is persistently higher for urban firms. While differences in firm attributes explain some of the rural-urban gap in firm survival, rural firms retain a survival advantage 18.5% greater than observationally equivalent urban firms. We argue that in competitive markets, the remaining survival advantage for rural firms must be attributable to unobserved factors that must be known at the time of entry. A plausible candidate for such a factor is thinner markets for the capital of failed rural firms. The implied lower salvage value of rural firms suggests that firms sorting into rural markets must have a higher probability of success...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Rural; Urban; Entry; Exit; Survival; Sorting; Salvage value; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Demand and Price Analysis; Financial Economics; Industrial Organization; Labor and Human Capital; Marketing; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; Risk and Uncertainty; O18; L21; D92.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54081
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Measuring the Impact of Meat Packing and Processing Facilities in the Nonmetropolitan Midwest: A Difference-in-Differences Approach AgEcon
Artz, Georgeanne M.; Orazem, Peter F.; Otto, Daniel M..
We measure how local growth in meatpacking and processing affects growth in local economies, government expenditures, and crime rates from 1990-2000 in nonmetropolitan counties of 12 Midwestern States. Propensity score matching is used as a check on possible non-random placement of meatpacking and processing plants. Results suggest that as the meat packing industry's share of a county's total employment and wage bill rises, total employment growth increases. However, employment growth in other sectors slows, as does local wage growth. There is some evidence that slower wage growth swamps the employment growth so that aggregate income grows more slowly. We find no evidence that growth in the industry changes the growth rates for crime or government...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18219
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Firm Size, Technical Change and Wages: Evidence from the Pork Sector from 1990-2005 AgEcon
Yu, Li; Hurley, Terrance M.; Kliebenstein, James B.; Orazem, Peter F..
A long-standing puzzle in labor economics has been the positive relationship between wages and firm size. Even after controlling for worker's observed characteristics such as education, work experience, gender, and geographic location, a significant firm size wage effect averaging 15 percent remains. This paper investigates whether the size-wage premium on hog farms persists over time and whether the magnitude is growing or shrinking. The paper pays particular attention to the matching process by which workers are allocated to farms of different size and technology use, and whether the matching process may explain differences in wages across farms. The study relies on four surveys of employees on hog farms collected in 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005. The...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9991
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LABOR SUPPLY RESPONSES IN EMPLOYER-PROVIDED HEALTH INSURANCE AgEcon
Meyer, Rebecca; Orazem, Peter F.; Wachenheim, William A..
Variation in income tax policies and health insurance costs are shown to be theoretically appropriate instruments to identify endogenous firm wage and benefit offers in a labor supply model. Empirical results show that firms are more likely to provide health insurance benefits in states with high marginal income tax rates and low hospitalization costs. The model implies that over the 1983-1995 period, large increases in health insurance costs and reductions in marginal income tax rates lowered the probability of receiving health insurance benefits from employers by 10 percentage points. This decrease in benefits lowered hours of labor supply by 4-7%.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18230
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Returns to Graduate and Professional Education: The Roles of Mathematical and Verbal Skills by Major AgEcon
Song, Moohoun; Orazem, Peter F..
Students in majors with higher average quantitative GRE scores are less likely to attend graduate school while students in majors with higher average verbal GRE scores are more likely to attend graduate school. This sorting effect means that students whose cognitive skills are associated with lower earnings at the bachelor's level are the most likely to attend graduate school. As a result, there is a substantial downward bias in estimated returns to graduate education. Correcting for the sorting effect raises estimated annualized returns to a Master's or doctoral degree from about 5% to 14.5% and 12.6% respectively. Estimated returns to professional degrees rise from 14% to 20%. These findings correspond to a large increase in relative earnings...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18207
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Meat Packing and Processing Facilities in the Non-Metropolitan Midwest: Blessing or Curse? AgEcon
Artz, Georgeanne M.; Orazem, Peter F.; Otto, Daniel M..
Growth in the meat packing and processing industry in the Midwestern United States has generated a significant amount of debate regarding the costs and benefits of this type of economic development. This research employs 1990-2000 proprietary data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics'’ Longitudinal Database (LDB) to investigate the effects of this industry on social and economic outcomes in non-metropolitan counties of twelve Midwestern states. The empirical specification uses a difference-in-differences specification to measure the effect of industry growth on local economic growth, government expenditures, and crime. Propensity score matching is used as a check on possible non-random placement of meat packing and processing plants. Results suggest...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19242
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Is it a Jungle Out There?: Meat Packing, Immigrants and Rural Communities AgEcon
Artz, Georgeanne M.; Jackson, Rebecca; Orazem, Peter F..
Over the past 35 years, meatpacking plants have moved from urban to rural areas. These plants can represent a significant share of a rural community’s employment. As a traditional employer of immigrants, these plants can also alter significantly the demographic composition of a rural community. These changes have led to numerous controversies regarding whether meatpacking plants impose social or economic costs on their host communities. This study uses comments culled from various media to identify where there exist sharp differences of opinion on how local meatpacking presence affects local language problems, social service expenses, special needs schooling and the mix of foreign- and native-born citizens. These opinions are used to formulate testable...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48529
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FIRM SIZE, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND WAGES IN THE PORK SECTOR, 1990 -2005 AgEcon
Yu, Li; Hurley, Terrance M.; Kliebenstein, James B.; Orazem, Peter F..
Economists have long puzzled over the fact that large firms pay higher wages than small firms, even after controlling for worker's observed productive characteristics. One possible explanation has been that firm size is correlated with unobserved productive attributes which confound firm size with other productive characteristics. This study investigates the size-wage premium in the context of firms competing within a single market for a relatively homogeneous product: hogs. We pay particular attention to the matching process by which workers are linked to farms of different size and technology use, and whether the matching process may explain differences in wages across farms. The study relies on four surveys of employees on hog farms collected in 1990,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Labor and Human Capital; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6138
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CHILD LABOUR, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND PERFORMANCE: A REVIEW AgEcon
Orazem, Peter F.; Gunnarsson, Louise Victoria.
This paper reviews the issues surrounding the derivation of estimates of the impact of child labor on school outcomes. The paper aims to review the current state of methodological and empirical knowledge concerning the impact of child labor on learning, to review existing data sets that could be used to address the issues, and to highlight areas where current research is lacking.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18213
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Reexamining Rural Decline: How Changing Rural Classifications and Short Time Frames Affect Perceived Growth AgEcon
Artz, Georgeanne M.; Orazem, Peter F..
Beale codes are an important tool for examining rural urban differences in socioeconomic trends. However, as population changes, counties’' designations also change over time. This feature of Beale codes is commonly overlooked by researchers, yet it has important implications for understanding rural growth. Since the fastest growing counties grow out of their rural status, use of the most recent codes excludes the most successful rural counties. Average economic performance of the countries remaining rural significantly understates the true performance of rural counties. This paper illustrates that choice of Beale code can alter conclusions regarding the relative speed of rural and urban growth across a variety of commonly used social and economic...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19408
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The Benefits and Costs of Alternative Strategies to Improve Educational Outcomes AgEcon
Orazem, Peter F.; Glewwe, Paul; Patrinos, Harry.
This paper reviews the stylized facts regarding the levels of human capital investments and the returns to those investments in developing countries. It shows that 23% of children in developing countries do not complete the fifth grade and of these, 55% started school but dropped out. We argue that eliminating dropouts is the most cost effective way to make progress on the goal of Universal Primary Education. Of the various mechanisms we can use, mechanisms that stimulate schooling demand have the strongest evidence of success to date and are the most cost effective.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7352
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THE EFFECTS OF HOUSING PRICES, WAGES, AND COMMUTING TIME ON JOINT RESIDENTIAL AND JOB LOCATION CHOICES AgEcon
So, Kim S.; Orazem, Peter F.; Otto, Daniel M..
A utility maximizing framework is used to model how wages, housing prices, and commuting time affect joint decisions of where to live and where to work. The implied multinomial logit model yields plausible estimates of the role of economic variables on joint residence/job location choices.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20779
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Firm Entry, Firm Exit, and Urban‐Biased Growth AgEcon
Yu, Li; Jolly, Robert W.; Orazem, Peter F..
We introduce a taxonomy that classifies industries using three criteria: net growth in the number of firms; the interrelationship between firm entry and firm exit; and the degree of urban bias in industry growth. We show that in 9 of 15 two-digit NAICS industries investigated, there is evidence of urban bias consistent with a comparative advantage to starting a business in urban markets. The urban advantage is due primarily to faster firm entry rates. Urban and rural firms have similar firm exit rates, consistent with a presumption that there are equal expected profit rates conditional on entry across markets. Urban areas grow faster because they induce faster firm entry and not because urban firms are more likely to succeed.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Entry – Exit Pattern; Taxonomy; Urban-Bias; Expansion; Churning; Entrepreneurship; Economic Development; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Demand and Price Analysis; Industrial Organization; Labor and Human Capital; Land Economics/Use; Marketing; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; Public Economics; L26; L53.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54078
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AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN PORK PRODUCTION AgEcon
Hurley, Terrance M.; Kliebenstein, James B.; Orazem, Peter F..
The rapid expansion of large-scale pork production has been accompanied by increasing concerns regarding potential detrimental consequences of environmental hazards on the health of producers. This study makes use of health indicators obtained from attendees at the World Pork Expo between 1991 and 1995 to evaluate the impact of pork production generally and of confinement production, specifically, on producer health. The analysis expands existing studies because the larger number of participants allows for detailed analysis, both nonfarmers and non-pork farmers are used as controls, both objective as well as self-reported health measures are considered, and personal characteristics such as height, weight, age, gender, smoking habits, and years of exposure...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 1996 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18278
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Higher Education and agricultural careers: the relative importance of and returns to an agricultural major AgEcon
Artz, Georgeanne M.; Kimle, Kevin L.; Orazem, Peter F..
Agribusiness firms are increasingly hiring non-agriculture college graduates. Unclear is whether the demand for non-agriculture graduates is predicated on an undersupply of agriculture graduates or if non-agriculture graduates have skills that are not being developed in traditional agriculture programs. This study uses a large random sample of graduates of a Midwestern Land-Grant University to explore the returns by major in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The strength of the study is its ability to identify the value of agricultural sector-specific skills versus general skills developed by major. The results suggest that there are substantial returns to agriculture majors working in agriculture, but only when the firms are located in...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Salary models; Agricultural economics; College of agriculture graduates; Industry specific skills; Agribusiness; Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103658
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Rural immigrant population growth, 1950-2000: waves or ripples? AgEcon
Dust, Andrew; Orazem, Peter F.; Wohlgemuth, Darin.
Using U.S. Census data from 1950 to 2000, this paper provides a framework to compare the responses of immigrant and native population growth to the economic incentives offered by rural counties in the Midwest and the South. We find that in marked contrast to urban immigrant populations, rural immigrants do not congregate in ethnic enclaves. Larger rural populations of immigrants do not attract more immigrants, nor do they retard growth of the young native born population. Immigrant populations are more responsive than native populations to economic incentives. The native-born population tends to respond more to growth in specific industries, while immigrant populations are more responsive to overall employment growth. Rural immigrant population growth is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development; Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6182
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The Role of Mathematical and Verbal Skills on the Returns to Graduate and Professional Education AgEcon
Song, Moohoun; Orazem, Peter F.; Wohlgemuth, Darin.
Students in majors with higher average quantitative GRE scores are less likely to attend graduate school while students in majors with higher average verbal GRE scores are more likely to attend graduate school. This sorting effect means that students whose cognitive skills are associated with lower earnings at the bachelor’s level are the most likely to attend graduate school. As a result, there is a substantial downward bias in estimated returns to graduate education. Correcting for the sorting effect raises estimated annualized returns to a Master’s or doctoral degree from about 5% to 7.3% and 12.8% respectively. Estimated returns to professional degrees rise from 13.9% to 16.6%. These findings correspond to a large increase in relative earnings received...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Postgraduate; Rate of return; Demand for schooling; Quantitative skills; Qualitative skills; Sorting; Labor and Human Capital; J3.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7346
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STRUCTURE OF WAGES AND BENEFITS IN THE U.S. PORK INDUSTRY AgEcon
Hurley, Terrance M.; Kliebenstein, James B.; Orazem, Peter F..
Pork production has been evolving from relatively small, family-run operations toward large-scale operations with several employees. This study uses a national survey of pork producers and their employees to answer several questions about the structure of wages and benefits in this rapidly changing labor market. The findings include: 1) wages do not differ across regions of the country but, instead, reflect differences in worker skills and firm size consistent with a nationally competitive labor market; 2) there is no evidence that large producers have market power in local labor markets that enable them to pay lower wages than competitors; 3) rather; large firms pay higher wages, offer better benefits, and safer working environments than smaller firms;...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 1996 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18273
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Testing for Complementarity and Substitutability among Multiple Technologies: The Case of U.S. Hog Farms AgEcon
Yu, Li; Hurley, Terrance M.; Kliebenstein, James B.; Orazem, Peter F..
We propose a strategy to identify the complementarity or substitutability among technology bundles. Under the assumption that alternative technologies are independent, we develop a hypothetical distribution of multiple technology adoptions. Differences between the observed distribution of technology choices and the hypothetical distribution can be subjected to statistical tests. Combinations of technologies that occur with greater frequency than would occur under independence are complementary technologies. Combinations that occur with less frequency are substitute technologies. This method is easily applied to simultaneous decisions regarding many technologies. We use the strategy to evaluate multiple technology adoptions on U.S. hog farms. We find that...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Livestock Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; L25; C12.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48530
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THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL IMMIGRANT POPULATION GROWTH, 1950-1990 AgEcon
Orazem, Peter F.; Wohlgemuth, Darin; Huang, Tzu-Ling.
This study tests whether evidence supports the hypothesis that rural immigrant populations are more sensitive to relative returns to human capital and living costs will be more elastic than those of native-born citizens. An empirically tractable model of incentive to migrate is developed following work of Huang et al (2001). The model is tested using Census data from 1950-1990 for a sample of rural counties from 18 Midwest and South central states. Preliminary results show that residential decisions of the rural foreign-born population are more sensitive to relative returns to human capital and relative costs of living than are native-born populations. Consequently, rural areas can attract immigrants if they offer earnings opportunities relative to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development; Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19750
Registros recuperados: 38
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