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Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen Form in Irrigation Water on Growth, Antioxidants and Fatty Acids Profiles in Halophytes Salsola australis, Suaeda maritima, and Enchylaena tomentosa for a Perspective of Biosaline Agriculture ArchiMer
Certain, Cassandre; Della Patrona, Luc; Gunkel-grillon, Peggy; Leopold, Audrey; Soudant, Philippe; Le Grand, Fabienne.
Cultivation of salt-tolerant crops help to face to irreversible global salinization of freshwater and soils. In New-Caledonia, three halophytes are candidates for saline crops, Salsola australis R.Br., Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort and Enchylaena tomentosa R.Br. Their success and quality depend yet on availabilities of salinity and essential nutrients in agrosystems. So, we investigated effects of three salinities, i.e., control moderate and high, and five nitrogen ratios, i.e., 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 or 0:100 NO3−-N:NH4+-N ratio on their growth and functional value for fatty acids and antioxidants. Results show that the leaf fatty acid and antioxidant profiles of species, emphasize their good potential to become functional crop products, based on...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Halophyte; Salsola australis; Suaeda maritima; Enchylaena tomentosa; Salt tolerance; Nitrogen form; Fatty acid; Phenolic compounds; Antioxidant activity.
Ano: 2021 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00682/79411/81960.pdf
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Impact of 20 : 4n-6 supplementation on the fatty acid composition and hemocyte parameters of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Delaporte, Maryse; Soudant, Philippe; Moal, Jeanne; Giudicelli, Emilie; Lambert, Christophe; Seguineau, Catherine; Samain, Jean-francois.
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ArA) and its eicosanoid metabolites have been demonstrated to be implicated in immune functions of vertebrates, fish, and insects. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of ArA supplementation on the FA composition and hemocyte parameters of oysters Crassostrea gigas. Oyster dietary conditioning consisted of direct addition of ArA solutions at a dose of 0, 0.25, or 0.41 mu g ArA per mL of seawater into tanks in the presence or absence of T-Iso algae. Results showed significant incorporation of ArA into gill polar lipids when administered with algae (up to 19.7%) or without algae (up to 12.1%). ArA supplementation led to an increase in hemocyte numbers, phagocytosis, and production of reactive oxygen species by...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Hemocyte parameters; Oyster immunity; Arachidonic Acid; Poly unsaturated fatty acids; Nutrition; Bivalve; Crassostrea gigas.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1876.pdf
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Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics ArchiMer
Sussarellu, Rossana; Suquet, Marc; Thomas, Yoann; Lambert, Christophe; Fabioux, Caroline; Pernet, Marie Eve Julie; Le Goic, Nelly; Quillien, Virgile; Mingant, Christian; Epelboin, Yanouk; Corporeau, Charlotte; Guyomarch, Julien; Robbens, Johan; Paul-pont, Ika; Soudant, Philippe; Huvet, Arnaud.
Plastics are persistent synthetic polymers that accumulate as waste in the marine environment. Microplastic (MP) particles are derived from the breakdown of larger debris or can enter the environment as microscopic fragments. Because filter-feeder organisms ingest MP while feeding, they are likely to be impacted by MP pollution. To assess the impact of polystyrene microspheres (micro-PS) on the physiology of the Pacific oyster, adult oysters were experimentally exposed to virgin micro-PS (2 and 6 µm in diameter; 0.023 mg·L−1) for 2 mo during a reproductive cycle. Effects were investigated on ecophysiological parameters; cellular, transcriptomic, and proteomic responses; fecundity; and offspring development. Oysters preferentially ingested the 6-µm micro-PS...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Microplastic; Reproduction; Energy allocation; Oyster.
Ano: 2016 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00311/42233/41600.pdf
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Flow cytometric assessment of morphology, viability, and production of reactive oxygen species of Crassostrea gigas oocytes. Application to Toxic dinoflagellate (Alexandrium minutum) exposure ArchiMer
Le Goic, Nelly; Hegaret, Helene; Boulais, Myrina; Beguel, Jean-philippe; Lambert, Christophe; Fabioux, Caroline; Soudant, Philippe.
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas accounts for a large part of shellfish aquaculture production worldwide. Aspects of morphological and functional characteristics of oyster oocytes remain poorly documented, and traditional techniques, such as microscopic observations of shape or fertilization rate, are time and space consuming. The purpose of this study was to assess for the first time viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of Pacific oyster oocytes using flow cytometry (FCM) and to apply this method to determine oocyte responses to in vitro exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. A culture of A. minutum caused a significant increase in oocyte ROS production, which gradually increased with the age of the culture, but...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Pacific oyster; Gamete quality; ROS production; Viability; Flow cytometry; Ecotoxicology.
Ano: 2014 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00216/32760/31321.pdf
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The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum affects development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, through parental or direct exposure ArchiMer
Castrec, Justine; Hegaret, Helene; Alunno-bruscia, Marianne; Picard, Mailys; Soudant, Philippe; Petton, Bruno; Boulais, Myrina; Suquet, Marc; Queau, Isabelle; Ratiskol, Dominique; Foulon, Valentin; Le Goic, Nelly; Fabioux, Caroline.
Harmful algal blooms are a threat to aquatic organisms and coastal ecosystems. Among harmful species, the widespread distributed genus Alexandrium is of global importance. This genus is well-known for the synthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins which are toxic for humans through the consumption of contaminated shellfish. While the effects of Alexandrium species upon the physiology of bivalves are now well documented, consequences on reproduction remain poorly studied. In France, Alexandrium minutum blooms have been recurrent for the last decades, generally appearing during the reproduction season of most bivalves including the oyster Crassostrea gigas. These blooms could not only affect gametogenesis but also spawning, larval development or juvenile...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Harmful algal bloom (HAB); Paralytic shellfish toxin (PST); Crassostrea gigas; Gametes; Larvae.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00469/58099/60512.pdf
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Spirolide uptake and detoxification by Crassostrea gigas exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii ArchiMer
Medhioub, Walid; Lassus, Patrick; Truquet, Philippe; Bardouil, Michele; Amzil, Zouher; Sechet, Veronique; Sibat, Manoella; Soudant, Philippe.
Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were exposed 4 days to cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii (strain CCMP1773) that produces spirolides belonging to fast acting toxins (FAT) and let depurate for 7 days. During depuration, oysters were either fed the non-toxic algae Isochrysis galbana Tahitian clone (T. Iso) or starved. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate (i) spirolide uptake and depuration by oysters (ii) spirolide effects on oysters and (iii) oyster recovery according to food supply during depuration. A. ostenfeldii cells were filtered and ingested by oysters while faeces contained numerous intact cells of the toxic diet. This suggested that ingested cells were not totally digested by oysters. Contents of spirolides (SPX)...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Spirolides; Alexandrium ostenfeldii; Contamination; Depuration; Crassostrea gigas; Inflammatory responses.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00098/20953/18740.pdf
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Effects of Alexandrium minutum exposure on nutrition-related processes and reproductive output in oysters Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Haberkorn, Hansy; Lambert, Christophe; Le Goic, Nelly; Moal, Jeanne; Suquet, Marc; Gueguen, Marielle; Sunila, Inke; Soudant, Philippe.
This study assessed the effects of an artificial bloom of the toxin-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium minutum, upon nutrition related processes and reproductive output of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Oysters were exposed to A. minutum, Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) producer and compared to a control batch of oysters fed Isochrysis galbana clone Tahitian (T.Iso). The experiment was performed in June 2008, when oysters were found ripe. Several physiological variables of oysters, such as PSTs accumulation, digestive gland and histological observations as well as spermatozoa quality, were measured at the end of the exposure. Results indicate that the digestive gland was greatly impacted upon A. minutum exposure. Monoacylglycerol and...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Harmful algae; Alexandrium minutum; Oyster; Nutrition-related processes; Reproductive output.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00008/11927/8653.pdf
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Cellular responses of Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) gametes exposed in vitro to polystyrene nanoparticles ArchiMer
Gonzalez-fernandez, Carmen; Tallec, Kevin; Le Goic, Nelly; Lambert, Christophe; Soudant, Philippe; Huvet, Arnaud; Suquet, Marc; Berchel, Mathieu; Paul-pont, Ika.
While the detection and quantification of nano-sized plastic in the environment remains a challenge, the growing number of polymer applications mean that we can expect an increase in the release of nanoplastics into the environment by indirect outputs. Today, very little is known about the impact of nano-sized plastics on marine organisms. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs) on oyster (Crassostrea gigas) gametes. Spermatozoa and oocytes were exposed to four NPs concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 mg L−1 for 1, 3 and 5 h. NPs coated with carboxylic (PS-COOH) and amine groups (PS-NH2) were used to determine how surface properties influence the effects of nanoplastics. Results demonstrated the...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Nanoplastics; Oysters; Gametes; Cellular responses.
Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00443/55459/56976.pdf
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Effects of extracellular products from the pathogenic Vibrio aestuarianus strain 01/32 on lethality and cellular immune responses of the oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Labreuche, Yannick; Soudant, Philippe; Goncalves, Madeleine; Lambert, Christophe; Nicolas, Jean-louis.
Vibrio aestuarianus strain 01/32 was previously shown to be pathogenic to Crassostrea gigas juveniles. To investigate virulence mechanisms of this pathogen, we studied the toxicity to oysters of its extracellular products (ECPs). ECPs displayed lethality to animals, with a LD50 value of 3.3 mu g/g body weight. To determine the oyster cellular immune responses induced by these ECPs, we further examined in vitro their effects on C. gigas hemocytes, using flow cytometric-based hemocyte assays. Treatment of hemolymph with ECPs caused a significant inhibition of hemocyte phagocytosis and adhesive capabilities. In contrast, the pathway of reactive oxygen species production was enhanced by higher ECP concentrations. Exposure of hemocytes to live bacteria induced...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Vibrio aestuarianus; ECPs; Crassostrea gigas; ROS production; Adhesion; Phagocytosis; Flow cytometry; Bivalve immunity.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1035.pdf
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Impact of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella on Pacific oyster reproductive output: application of flow cytometry assays on spermatozoa ArchiMer
Le Goic, Nelly; Hegaret, Helene; Fabioux, Caroline; Miner, Philippe; Suquet, Marc; Lambert, Christophe; Soudant, Philippe.
The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella recurrently blooms on the coasts of France and produces Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) that accumulate in bivalves. These toxins can affect various physiological functions including reproduction. The present study aims to validate measurements of sperm viability, DNA content and mitochondrial membrane potential in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas using flow cytometry coupled with fluorescent markers, and to use these measurements to assess the cellular parameters of sperm from Pacific oysters exposed to A. catenella. These parameters may influence fertilization, embryogenesis and larval development in free-spawning shellfish. Sperm viability and DNA content estimation were assessed using SYBR-14, which only...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Harmful algal bloom; Sperm quality; Cellular parameters; Flow cytometry; Pacific oyster; Crassostrea gigas; Alexandrium catenella.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00157/26853/24982.pdf
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Asari clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in France: history of an exotic species 1972 – 2015 ArchiMer
De Montaudouin, Xavier; Arzul, Isabelle; Caill-milly, Nathalie; Khayati, Alice; Labrousse, Jean-michel; Lafitte, Céline; Paillard, Christine; Soudant, Philippe; Goulletquer, Philippe.
In 1972, France underwent an oyster (Crassostrea angulata) crisis and urgently needed to diversify its aquaculture. Thus, Asari clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was introduced at that time for aquaculture purpose, concomitantly with the introduction of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). All Asari clam adults and spat originated from the same area (Puget Sound, WA, USA). After a promising start and the implementation of a national Research & Development program, Asari clam culture rapidly faced a series of concomitant handicaps: firstly, in spite the fact that cultural practices were optimized and locking points addressed, leasing ground availability was limited during the 1980s’ due to certain reluctance from oyster farmers to share their leases and/or...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Ruditapes philippinarum; France; Aquaculture; Professional fishing; Diseases; Environmental stressors.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00366/47767/47817.pdf
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State of art and best practices for fatty acid analysis in aquatic sciences ArchiMer
Couturier, Lydie; Michel, Loic; Amaro, Teresa; Budge, Suzanne M; Da Costa, Elisabete; De Troch, Marleen; Di Dato, Valeria; Fink, Patrick; Giraldo, Carolina; Le Grand, Fabienne; Loaiza, Iván; Mathieu-resuge, Margaux; Nichols, Peter D; Parrish, Christopher C; Sardenne, Fany; Vagner, Marie; Pernet, Fabrice; Soudant, Philippe; Browman, Howard.
Determining the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition of aquatic organisms has been of major interest in trophic ecology, aquaculture, and nutrition for over half a century. Although protocols for lipid analysis are well-described, their application to aquatic sciences often requires modifications to adapt to field conditions and to sample type. Here, we present the current state of knowledge of methods dedicated to both marine and freshwater lipid analyses, from sampling to data treatment. We review: (i) sample preservation, storage and transport protocols, and their effects on lipids, (ii) lipid extraction, separation of polar and neutral lipids, derivatization, and detection methods, and (iii) available tools for the statistical analysis of FA...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Aquatic nutrition; Biomarkers; Fatty acids; Marine and freshwater lipids; Methods; Recommended practices.
Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00651/76279/77252.pdf
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Colonization of polystyrene microparticles by Vibrio crassostreae: light and electron microscopic investigation ArchiMer
Foulon, Valentin; Le Roux, Frederique; Lambert, Christophe; Huvet, Arnaud; Soudant, Philippe; Paul-pont, Ika.
Microplastics collected at sea harbour a high diversity of microorganisms including some Vibrio genus members, raising questions about the role of microplastics as a novel ecological niche for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. In the present study we investigated the adhesion dynamics of Vibrio crassostreae on polystyrene microparticles (micro-PS) using electronic and fluorescence microscopy techniques. Micro-PS were incubated with bacteria in different media (Zobell culture medium and artificial seawater) with or without natural marine aggregates. The highest percentage of colonised particles (38-100%) was observed in Zobell culture medium, which may be related to nutrient availability for production of pili and exopolysaccharide adhesion structures....
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Ano: 2016 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00351/46210/45908.pdf
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Do transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) affect the toxicity of nanoplastics on Chaetoceros neogracile? ArchiMer
González-fernández, Carmen; Toullec, Jordan; Lambert, Christophe; Le Goïc, Nelly; Seoane, Marta; Moriceau, Brivaela; Huvet, Arnaud; Berchel, Mathieu; Vincent, Dorothée; Courcot, Lucie; Soudant, Philippe; Paul-pont, Ika.
The potential presence of nanoplastics (NP) in aquatic environments represents a growing concern regarding their possible effects on aquatic organisms. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of polystyrene (PS) amino-modified particles (50  nm PSNH2) on the cellular and metabolic responses of the diatom Chaetoceros neogracile cultures at two essential phases of the growth cycle, i.e. exponential (division) and stationary (storage) phases. Both cultures were exposed for 4 days to low (0.05 μg mL−1) and high (5 μg mL−1) concentrations of PS-NH2. Exposure to NP impaired more drastically the major cellular and physiological parameters during exponential phase than during the stationary phase. Only an increase in ROS production was observed at...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Nanoplastics; Diatoms; Physiology; Transparent exopolymer particles.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00491/60235/63627.pdf
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ATP content and viability of spermatozoa drive variability of fertilization success in the Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) ArchiMer
Boulais, Myrina; Soudant, Philippe; Le Goic, Nelly; Quere, Claudie; Boudry, Pierre; Suquet, Marc.
Fertilization of the oocyte is a critical process of sexual reproduction depending among other factors on spermatozoa functionality. Mitochondria participate in many crucial processes for spermatozoa motility and fertilizing ability. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is characterized by a high inter-individual variability of its reproductive success which has been shown to be partially due to the variability of gamete quality. The present study explored spermatozoa characteristics such as: i) relationships among mitochondrial functionality (ATP content, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species production); sperm viability (percentages of live, dying, and dead); and motility; and ii) their involvement in inter-oyster variability...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Spermatozoa; Quality; Motility; Viability; ATP content; ROS production.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00386/49769/50309.pdf
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Interaction between toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella exposure and disease associated with herpesvirus OsHV-1μVar in Pacific oyster spat Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Lassudrie, Malwenn; Soudant, Philippe; Nicolas, Jean-louis; Fabioux, Caroline; Lambert, Christophe; Miner, Philippe; Le Grand, Jacqueline; Petton, Bruno; Hegaret, Helene.
Blooms of toxic dinoflagellates can co-occur with mass mortality events associated with herpesvirus OsHV-1 μVar infection that have been decimating Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat and juveniles every summer since 2008 in France. This study investigated the possible effect of a harmful dinoflagellate, Alexandrium catenella, a producer of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs), upon the oyster spat–herpesvirus interaction. Oyster spat from a hatchery were challenged by cohabitation with oysters contaminated in the field with OsHV-1 μVar and possibly other pathogens. Simultaneously, the oysters were exposed to cultured A. catenella. Infection with OsHV-1 μVar and PST accumulation were measured after 4 days of experimental exposure. Exposure to Alexandrium...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Crassostrea gigas; OsHV-1 mu Var; Harmful algal blooms; Alexandrium; Host-pathogen interaction; PST accumulation.
Ano: 2015 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00269/38000/36101.pdf
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Nanoplastics impaired oyster free living stages, gametes and embryos ArchiMer
Tallec, Kevin; Huvet, Arnaud; Di Poi, Carole; Gonzalez-fernandez, Carmen; Lambert, Christophe; Petton, Bruno; Le Goic, Nelly; Berchel, Mathieu; Soudant, Philippe; Paul-pont, Ika.
In the marine environment, most bivalve species base their reproduction on external fertilization. Hence, gametes and young stages face many threats, including exposure to plastic wastes which represent more than 80% of the debris in the oceans. Recently, evidence has been produced on the presence of nanoplastics in oceans, thus motivating new studies of their impacts on marine life. Because no information is available about their environmental concentrations, we performed dose-response exposure experiments with polystyrene particles to assess the extent of micro/nanoplastic toxicity. Effects of polystyrene with different sizes and functionalization (plain 2-μm, 500-nm and 50-nm; COOH-50 nm and NH2-50 nm) were assessed on three key reproductive steps...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Oyster; Embryos; Gametes; Microplastics; Nanoplastics.
Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00453/56419/58090.pdf
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Effect of environmental and nutritive conditionings on defense mechanisms of oyster Crassostrea gigas during an annual cycle ArchiMer
Delaporte, Maryse; Moal, Jeanne; Soudant, Philippe; Lambert, Christophe; Pouvreau, Stephane; Enriquez, Martha; Degremont, Lionel; Soletchnik, Patrick; Gagnaire, Beatrice; Ropert, Michel.
In the frame of MOREST project, a common biological material, resulting of a mixture of different families produced in experimental hatchery, was reared in two different environmental fields : Normandy and Charente. Concomitantly, a pool was conditioned at the Ifremer Argenton hatchery with three different algae levels : 4%, 8% and 12% of algal dry weight per oyster dry weight. During the experiments, five immune parameters were studied in parallel with survival rate and reproductive status (stages and intensity). Site location, seasonal variations and experimental diet level clearly influenced oyster immune parameters. Haemocyte counts were higher for oysters reared in Normandy than those reared in Charente and in hatchery. Granulocyte percentage was...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Defense mechanisms; Nutrition; Seasonal variations; Physiology; Crassostrea gigas; Pacific oysters.
Ano: 2003 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2003/acte-3500.pdf
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Molecular Characterization of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Their Relations with Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Bioaccumulation in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Boullot, Floriane; Castrec, Justine; Bidault, Adeline; Dantas, Natanael; Payton, Laura; Perrigault, Mickael; Tran, Damien; Amzil, Zouher; Boudry, Pierre; Soudant, Philippe; Hegaret, Helene; Fabioux, Caroline.
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) bind to voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) and block conduction of action potential in excitable cells. This study aimed to (i) characterize Nav sequences in Crassostrea gigas and (ii) investigate a putative relation between Nav and PST-bioaccumulation in oysters. The phylogenetic analysis highlighted two types of Nav in C. gigas: a Nav1 (CgNav1) and a Nav2 (CgNav2) with sequence properties of sodium-selective and sodium/calcium-selective channels, respectively. Three alternative splice transcripts of CgNav1 named A, B and C, were characterized. The expression of CgNav1, analyzed by in situ hybridization, is specific to nervous cells and to structures corresponding to neuromuscular junctions. Real-time PCR analyses showed...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Crassostrea gigas; Sodium channel; Alternative splicing; Alexandrium minutum; Paralytic shellfish toxins.
Ano: 2017 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00368/47877/47892.pdf
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Constraints and Priorities for Conducting Experimental Exposures of Marine Organisms to Microplastics ArchiMer
Paul-pont, Ika; Tallec, Kevin; Gonzalez-fernandez, Carmen; Lambert, Christophe; Vincent, Dorothee; Mazurais, David; Zambonino-infante, Jose-luis; Brotons, Guillaume; Lagarde, Fabienne; Fabioux, Caroline; Soudant, Philippe; Huvet, Arnaud.
Marine plastic pollution is a major environmental issue. Given their ubiquitous nature and small dimensions, ingestion of microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) particles and their subsequent impact on marine life are a growing concern worldwide. Transfers along the trophic chain, including possible translocation, for which the hazards are less understood, are also a major preoccupation. Effects of MP ingestion have been studied on animals through laboratory exposure, showing impacts on feeding activity, reserve depletion and inflammatory responses, with consequences for fitness, notably reproduction. However, most experimental studies have used doses of manufactured virgin microspheres that may not be environmentally realistic. As for most...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Microplastics; Nanoplastics; Experimental exposure; Impacts; Marine organisms; Physiology.
Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00449/56088/57621.pdf
Registros recuperados: 68
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