SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

de Gorter, Harry; Swinnen, Johan F.M..

This paper develops a political economy framework that determines the factors causing underinvestment in public research expenditures. Governments are unable to fully compensate for unequal income distribution effects of research because of either their inability to make credible commitments or of deadweight costs associated with compensation.

Towards a Genuine Sustainability Standard for Biofuel Production

Palavras-chave: Political Economy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6848

de Gorter, Harry; Tsur, Yacov.

Sustainability standards for biofuel production calculated via life cycle accounting (LCA) require a certain reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to gasoline. Recently it has been shown that LCA gives biased results and should be extended to incorporate indirect land use change (iLUC). We show that even including iLUCs, LCA is still biased and distorted because it is based on GHG emission and uptake calculations, which assume economic values only if (i) the environmental price of carbon is constant over time and (ii) the social discount rate (SDR) equals zero. We offer a sustainability standard free of these restrictions, expressed in terms of a range of SDRs and a maximal GHG payback period. Applying our methodology to Brazilian and U.S....

The Socially Optimal Import Tariff and Tax Credit for Ethanol with Farm Subsidies

Palavras-chave: Sustainability; Biofuel Production; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48927

de Gorter, Harry; Just, David R.; Tan, Qinwen.

We determine how the U.S. ethanol tax credit and import tariff affect the corn-ethanol-gasoline markets and how farm subsidies interact with these policies. We show how the ethanol tax credit and import tariff each uniquely affect the ethanol and gasoline prices. The ethanol import tariff alone increases the terms of trade in ethanol imports and corn exports, but decreases the terms of trade in gasoline imports and the tax costs of farm price supports. With price-contingent farm subsidies in place, the optimal tariff and tax credit will depend on the price level. When farm subsidy expenditures are high, import subsidies for ethanol may increase social welfare due to the substantial size of the fuel market relative to the corn market.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Biofuels; Ethanol; Tariffs; Tax credit; Welfare; Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49865

On the EU–U.S. Biodiesel ‘Splash & Dash' Controversy: Causes, Consequences and Policy Recommendations

de Gorter, Harry; Drabik, Dusan; Just, David R..

Replaced with revised version of paper on 10/26/10.

Modeling Carbon Leakages with Forestation Policies

Palavras-chave: Splash & dash; Biodiesel; Blender’s tax credit; Tax exemption; Trade; European Union; Unites States; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17; Q27; Q42.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61425

de Gorter, Harry; Drabik, Dusan; Just, David R..

This paper analyzes carbon leakage due to reduced emissions from deforestation (RED). We find that leakage with RED is good because the policy induces afforestation that contributes to a further carbon sequestration. By ignoring the domestic component of carbon leakage, the literature can either overestimate or underestimate leakage, depending on the magnitudes of the numerator and the denominator of the leakage formulas. Unlike the literature, we include the land and agricultural markets in the analysis of carbon leakage with forestation policies. In this model, carbon leakage depends on: (1) supply and demand elasticities of timber production and consumption, respectively in the country introducing a RED policy (Home country) and in the rest of the...

THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDY PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES

Palavras-chave: Carbon leakage; Forestry; Reduced emissions from deforestation; Afforestation; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q23; Q24; Q54.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114450

de Gorter, Harry; Fisher, Eric O'N..

This paper analyzes the dynamic effects of the acreage restrictions and land diversion requirements that are characteristic of the farm subsidy programs in the United States. The subsidy payments a farmer receives are based upon historical base acreage, and it 1s sometimes optimal for a farmer not to participate in a pr9gr~m in order to increase base acreage in anticipation of higher future subsidies. This paper determines the farmer's optimal policy as the solution to a deterministic dynamic program. It shows that farmers with low base acreage typically opt out of these programs, whereas those with high base acreage participate in them. The paper concludes with an examination of aggregate data from the programs involving barley, corn, cotton, oats, rice,...

The Implications of Alternative Biofuel Policies on Carbon Leakage

Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Land Economics/Use.

Ano: 1989

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6875

Drabik, Dusan; de Gorter, Harry; Just, David R..

We show carbon leakage depends on the type of biofuel policy (tax credit versus mandate), the domestic and foreign gasoline supply and fuel demand elasticities, and on consumption and production shares of world oil markets for the country introducing the biofuel policy. The components of carbon leakage – market leakage and emissions savings – are counteracting: carbon leakage increases with market leakage but decreases with emissions savings. We also distinguish domestic and international leakage where the latter is always positive, but domestic leakage can be negative with a mandate. The IPCC definition of leakage omits domestic leakage, resulting in biased estimates. Leakage with a tax credit always exceeds that of a mandate, while the combination of a...

CHALLENGES IN QUANTITATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN SUPPORT OF MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS

Palavras-chave: Biofuels; Tax credit; Mandate; Market leakage; Carbon leakage; Emissions savings; Domestic leakage; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q27; Q41; Q42; Q54.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114432

Meilke, Karl D.; McClatchy, Don; de Gorter, Harry.

Agricultural Policies and the GATT: Reconciling Protection, Support and Distortion

Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 1995

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51215

de Gorter, Harry; Harvey, David R..

This paper analyzes the relationship between the theory of protection, farm income support and international trade distortion. To parallel those of protection, a measure of distortion is derived which compares trade volumes under support policies with those which would occur under multilateral free trade. Estimates are made of these measures for the European Community and the United States for a selection of commodities. The relationship between measures of protection and economic efficiency is also highlighted. The conclusion is that present measures of protection such as the Producer Subsidy Equivalent are confusing as measures of either trade distortion or income support. Some implications are drawn for the GAIT negotiations on agriculture and for the...

DISENTANGLING THE PRODUCTION AND EXPORT CONSEQUENCES OF DIRECT FARM INCOME PAYMENTS

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 1990

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51153

Chau, Nancy H.; de Gorter, Harry.

This paper formalizes the production and export consequences of direct farm payments. Taxpayer financed direct payments distort exit and production incentives, while consumer financed subsidies also imply that the risks of domestic and export production differ. Welfare decompostion and empirical calibration illustrate the potential for import barriers to cross-subsidize exports.

ANALYZING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY WITH POLLUTION ABATEMENT VERSUS OUTPUT ANALYZING ENVIRONMENTAL REDUCTION: AN APPLICATION TO U.S. AGRICULTURE

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21854

Schamel, Guenter; de Gorter, Harry.

A model is developed that derives optimal pollution levels and determines the welfare economics of pollution reduction, differentiating between abatement and output reduction. It is suitable to analyze alternative policy instruments aimed to reduce external costs of agricultural production. The model is applied to the U.S. corn sector and we simulate the effects of stylized environmental policies for pesticide use on social welfare and environmental quality. The simulation results indicate that across policy scenarios, fairly modest reductions in output may induce significant gains in social welfare and environmental quality.

BIOFUELS AND LEAKAGES IN THE FUEL MARKET

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6853

Drabik, Dusan; de Gorter, Harry.

Leakage in the fuel market differs, depending on whether ethanol production is determined by a tax credit or consumption mandate. Two components of market leakage are distinguished: domestic and international. Leakage with both a tax credit and a consumption mandate depends on market elasticities and consumption/production shares, with the former having a bigger impact. Leakage is also more sensitive to changes in market supply and demand elasticities in the country not introducing biofuels. Although positive with a tax credit, market leakage can be negative with a consumption mandate, meaning that one gallon of ethanol can replace more than a gallon of gasoline. We also show that being a small country biofuels producer does not necessarily mean that...

Efficiency Of Alternative Policies For The EC's Common Agricultural Policy

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91265

de Gorter, Harry; Meilke, Karl D..

Tipo: Working Paper

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 1988

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123559

ISSUES IN REFORMING TARIFF-RATE IMPORT QUOTAS IN THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE IN THE WTO

de Gorter, Harry; Abbott, Philip C.; Barichello, Richard R.; Boughner, Devry S.; Bureau, Jean-Christophe; Choi, Jung-Sup; Coleman, Jonathan R.; Herrmann, Roland; Kramb, Marc Christopher; Sheldon, Ian M.; Liapis, Peter S.; MacLaren, Donald; Moennich, Christina; Morse, B. Adair; Skully, David W.; Sumner, Daniel A.; Tangermann, Stefan.

Contents: The Economics of Tariff Rate Quotas and the Effects of Trade Liberalization; TRQs and GATT Rules; An Overview of Tariffs, Quotas and Imports Worldwide; TRQs in the European Union; U.S. TRQs for Sugar, Tobacco and Peanuts; Dairy TRQs in the United States; Tariff Rate Quota Implementation and Administration by Developing Countries; Management of Tariff Rate Quotas in Korea and Japan; Tariff Rate Quota Administration in Canadian Agriculture; The Case of Australia and New Zealand Facing TRQs; The 1999 WTO Panel Report on the EU's Common Market Organization for Bananas; Assessment

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14617

Cross-Subsidization and Exit Deterrence due to Infra-Marginal Support: Implications for Agricultural Policy Analysis

de Gorter, Harry; Just, David R.; Kropp, Jaclyn D..

ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND FOR IMPORTED MEATS IN RUSSIA

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9973

Soshnin, Alexei I.; Tomek, William G.; de Gorter, Harry.

Elasticities of demand for meat imports in Russia are estimated using an AIDS model. The model differentiates among sources of imports as well as kinds of meat, but since the number of observations on Russian imports is limited, an improved block-substitutability restriction is introduced to conserve degress of freedom. The estimates of expenditure elasticities are positive for beef, pork, and chicken imported from western countries, and for beef and chicken, are larger than one. The expenditure elasticities are negative for beef and pork imported from former Soviet trade block countries. (Chicken is not imported from these countries.) Consistent with logic, the (compensated) cross-price elasticities indicate that products imported from different...

Carbon Leakage with Forestation Policies

Palavras-chave: Demand and Price Analysis.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14739

de Gorter, Harry; Drabik, Dusan; Just, David R..

EXPLAINING PRICE POLICY BIAS IN AGRICULTURE: A POLITICIAN-VOTER INTERACTION APPROACH

Palavras-chave: Carbon leakage; Forestry; Reduced emissions from deforestation; Afforestation; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q23; Q24; Q54.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103797

de Gorter, Harry; Tsur, Yacov.

Bringing Agriculture into the GATT: Designing Acceptable Agricultural Policies

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 1989

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/13388

Barichello, Richard R.; Harvey, David R.; Barkley, Paul W.; Offutt, Susan E.; Blandford, David; Sutton, John; de Gorter, Harry; Webb, Alan J.; Gardner, Bruce L.; Webb, Shu-Eng.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 1988

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49871

AJAE Appendix: Cross-subsidization Due to Infra-Marginal Support in Agriculture: A General Theory and Empirical Evidence