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| Ecological restoration has been mainstreamed in international biodiversity policies in the last five years. I analyze statements about restoration in three international policies: the Convention for Biodiversity Strategic Plan 2011-2020 and Aichi Biodiversity Targets, the Convention for Biodiversity Decision XI/16 on ecosystem restoration, and the European Union’s Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. I argue that restoration functions at three different levels in these policies: as an objective, as a target, and as a tool. Because restoration appears at all three levels, the policies encourage counting all restoration activity as meeting the objectives of the policy regardless of the activity’s actual effect on ecosystem services or... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Insight |
Palavras-chave: Convention on Biological Diversity; Ecological restoration; European Union; Policy. |
| Ano: 2015 |
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| Shannon, Lynne; Coll, Marta; Bundy, Alida; Gascuel, Didier; Heymans, Johanna J;; Kleisner, Kristin; Lynam, Christopher; Piroddi, Chiara; Tam, Jorge; Travers-trolet, Morgane; Shin, Yunne. |
| Trophic level (TL)-based indicators have been widely used to examine fishing impacts in aquatic ecosystems and the induced biodiversity changes. However, much debate has ensued regarding discrepancies and challenges arising from the use of landings data from commercial fisheries to calculate TL indicators. Subsequent studies have started to examine survey-based and model-based indicators. In this paper, we undertake an extensive evaluation of a variety of TL indicators across 9 well-studied marine ecosystems by making use of model- as well as surveyand catch-based TL indicators. Using detailed regional information and data on fishing history, fishing intensity, and environmental conditions, we evaluate how well TL indicators are capturing fishing effects... |
| Tipo: Text |
Palavras-chave: Trophic level; Global comparison; Indicator; Survey; Catch; Ecosystem model; Trophic spectra; Convention on Biological Diversity; Food webs; Ecosystem approach to fisheries. |
| Ano: 2014 |
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00222/33361/31768.pdf |
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