SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Coady, David P.; Harris, Rebecca Lee.

Using a regionally disaggregated computable general equilibrium model, we analyze the differential welfare impacts of a cash transfer program targeted at rural areas. The direct effect of the transfers decreases regional income differentials, but the indirect effects depend on how the program is financed. Financing the program with a more efficient tax system is also less regressive and has favorable urban impacts. The less efficient instruments result in relatively higher incomes in all rural regions, but are more regressive. The increasing share of urban poverty highlights the shortcomings of rural targeting and raises the issue of horizontal equity.

Global Market Shocks and Poverty in Vietnam: The Case of Rice

Palavras-chave: General equilibrium; Targeted transfers; Regional impacts; Tax incidence; Food Security and Poverty; D3; D58; D60; H2; O10; O54; R13.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16303

Coxhead, Ian A.; Linh, Vu Hoang; Tam, Le Dong.

World food prices have experienced dramatic increases in recent years. These “shocks” affect food importers and exporters alike. Vietnam is a major exporter of rice, and rice is also a key item in domestic production, employment and consumption. Accordingly, rice price shocks from the world market have general equilibrium impacts and as such, their implications for household welfare are not known ex ante. In this paper we first present a simple framework for understanding the direct and indirect welfare effects of a global market shock of this kind. Second, we quantify the transmission of the price shock from global indicator prices to domestic markets. Third, we then we use an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model to simulate the effects of domestic...

EFEITOS DE UMA DESONERAÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA NA ECONOMIA BRASILEIRA EM CENÁRIOS DE CRIAÇÃO DA ÁREA DE LIVRE COMÉRCIO DAS AMÉRICAS (ALCA)

Palavras-chave: Vietnam; Rice; Poverty; Price transmission; General equilibrium; Microsimulation; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; I32; D58; Q17.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116706

Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira, Erly Cardoso.

O objetivo desse artigo é determinar os impactos da criação da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA), a partir de uma desoneração tributária, na economia brasileira. Para isso, foram analisados diversos cenários que contam, além da eliminação das tarifas ao comércio entre os países do continente americano, com redução de 10% dos impostos indiretos que incidem sobre o consumo, sobre os insumos intermediários e sobre a produção brasileira. O modelo do GTAPinGAMS é usado como instrumental analítico, aplicado à versão 6.0 do banco de dados do GTAP. Os resultados indicam que, em todos os cenários de ALCA, a redução dos impostos indiretos em 10% aumentou a competitividade, promoveu o crescimento e o bem-estar do Brasil e elevou a receita tributária. O...

The Impact of Capital Intensive Farming in Thailand: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach

Palavras-chave: Integração regional; Tributos indiretos; Equilíbrio geral; GTAPinGAMS; Competitividade setorial; Regional integration; Indirect taxes; General equilibrium; GTAPinGAMS; Sectorial competition; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; Q17; R13; H20.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/109126

Pue-on, Anuwat; Ward, Bert D.; Gan, Christopher E.C..

The aim of this study is to explore whether efforts to encourage producers to use agricultural machinery and equipment will significantly improve agricultural productivity, income distribution amongst social groups, as well as macroeconomic performance in Thailand. A 2000 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Thailand was constructed as a data set, and then a 20 production-sector Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model was developed for the Thai economy. The CGE model is employed to simulate the impact of capital-intensive farming on the Thai economy under two different scenarios: technological change and free trade. Four simulations were conducted. Simulation 1 increased the share parameter of capital in the agricultural sector by 5%. Simulation 2 shows a...

Vietnam’s New Environmental Tax Law: What Will it Cost? Who Will Pay?

Palavras-chave: Capital intensive farming; CGE; General equilibrium; SAM; Thailand; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Productivity Analysis.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96816

Coxhead, Ian A.; Van Chan, Nguyen.

We examine the effects of a proposed environmental tax in a small open developing economy, using an applied general equilibrium model linked to a household survey database. The burden of the tax, applied primarily to fossil fuels, is passed forward by non-traded industries and backward by industries selling into the world market. It causes efficiency and competitiveness losses equivalent to those of a real exchange rate appreciation, and since export industries are in general highly labor-intensive, is regressive and thus poverty-increasing. The budget-neutral use of increased tax revenues to raise spending on anti-poverty programs can offset most of the losses of poor households, but does not create new jobs. The extent of overall losses and their...

Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing

Palavras-chave: Carbon tax; Environmental tax; Poverty; Labor market; General equilibrium; Vietnam; Environmental Economics and Policy; D58; H23; O53; Q52.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116704

Parry, Ian W.H.; Bento, Antonio M..

This paper explores the interactions between taxes on work-related traffic congestion and pre-existing distortionary taxes in the labor market. A congestion tax raises the overall costs of commuting to work and discourages labor force participation at the margin, when revenues are returned in lump-sum transfers. We find that the resulting efficiency loss in the labor market can be larger than the Pigouvian efficiency gains from internalizing the congestion externality. In contrast, if congestion tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes the net impact on labor supply is positive, and the efficiency gain in the labor market can raise the overall welfare gains of the congestion tax by as much as 100 percent. Recycling congestion tax revenues in public...

Economic Loss to the Brazilian Regions Due to the Doha Round Failure

Palavras-chave: Externalities; Congestion taxes; Pre-existing tax distortions; General equilibrium; Welfare effects; Public Economics; R41; H21; H23.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10548

Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira, Erly Cardoso; Gurgel, Angelo Costa.

We build a database and model to develop general equilibrium analysis of the Brazilian economy at the level of the five macro regions. The model is multiregional at global level as also at the Brazilian level. The project is coupled to the GTAP model through disaggregation of the original Brazilian input-output matrix and trade flows and follows the GTAPinGAMS structure and syntax to generate the General Equilibrium Analysis Project for the Brazilian Economy (PAEG). The regional database is that of the GTAP version 6 and represent the 2001 world economy. We aggregate the data in seven regions plus the five Brazilian sub-regions and nineteen commodities/sectors to apply the scenario Doha Round to determine the probable losses to the Brazilian regions from...

Efeitos redistributivos de transferência de renda e redução tributária nos setores agropecuário e agroindustrial

Palavras-chave: Brazilian regions; General equilibrium; Agribusiness; Trade liberalization; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; Q17.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53247

Santos, Vladimir Faria dos; Vieira, Wilson da Cruz; Reis, Bricio dos Santos.

This work analyzes the effects of alternative policies on income redistribution in the Brazilian economy. It was used an applied general equilibrium model and the following simulations were implemented: direct income transfer and tax reduction on agriculture and agro-industry sectors. The results indicated that direct income transfer is a better policy to reduce income inequality than tax reduction on specific sectors such as agriculture and agro-industry.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Income distribution; Taxation; General equilibrium; Brazil; Political Economy.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54136

A Theory of Migration as a Response to Occupational Stigma

Stark, Oded; Fan, C. Simon.

Drawing on the literature of occupational status and social distance, a theory is developed of labor migration that is prompted by a desire to avoid “social humiliation.” A closed-economy general equilibrium model that incorporates occupational status and examines the interaction between the goods market and the labor market is constructed. This framework is then extended from a closed, single economy to an open economy setting in a world that consists of two countries or two regions. It is shown that as long as migration can reduce humiliation sufficiently, migration will occur even between two identical economies. Hence, a new model of migration is presented in which migration arises from a wish to reap social exposure gains. The model shows that...

Competition Among Rent Seeking Groups in General Equilibrium

Palavras-chave: Migration; Social distance; Occupational status; Social exposure gains; General equilibrium; Consumer/Household Economics; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Labor and Human Capital; F22; J61; R23.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55363

Roe, Terry L.; Graham-Tomasi, Theodore.

A two sector general equilibrium model is developed in which households can influence the government's choice of the relative price of traded goods and the level of public goods supplied to each sector. The model is used to illustrate key problems addressed by the political economy literature, modeling issues that arise, and the nature of insights that can be obtained that traditional approaches cannot discern.

IMPACTS OF GROWTH STIMULANTS IN THE DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK SECTOR

Palavras-chave: General equilibrium; Political economy; Rent seeking; Lobbying; Political Economy.

Ano: 1990

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7483

Peterson, Everett B.; Preckel, Paul V.; Hertel, Thomas W.; McGuirk, Anya M..

Many individuals are predicting a "second green revolution" in agriculture from the introduction of growth stimulants into the livestock industries. An economy-wide approach is used to determine the affects on prices and quantities of introducing growth stimulants in the domestic dairy and pork industries. In general, the impacts are found to be much smaller than previous research focused at the sectoral level has suggested. Increases in the amount of lean meat per hog, which reduces processor demand, may actually lead to a reduction in pork production at the farm-level.

Who Benefits from Quality Labelling? Segregation Costs, International Trade and Producer Outcomes

Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; General equilibrium; Pork and dairy; Livestock Production/Industries.

Ano: 1992

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116106

Jackson, Lee Ann.

This paper analyses the impact of quality based labelling on product prices, factor allocation and the resulting effects on producers within the context of an international trading system. A general equilibrium model, calibrated to 1998 data, describes United States and European Union labelling regimes for genetically modified agricultural products. The results indicate that the labelling choice of trade partners have large distributive impacts within national economies, as well as across countries and highlight the importance of using general equilibrium framework to understand the system wide impacts of labelling policies that differentiate products based upon quality characteristics. These results are essential for policy makers seeking to understand...

Projecting Supply and Demand for Land in the Long Run

Palavras-chave: Labelling; International trade; Political economy; General equilibrium; Biotechnology.; International Relations/Trade; Marketing; Political Economy.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57897

Golub, Alla A.; Hertel, Thomas W.; Sohngen, Brent.

The goal of this work is to investigate land-use change at the global scale over the long run particularly in the context of analyzing the fundamental drivers behind land-use related GHG emissions. For this purpose, we identify the most important drivers of supply and demand for land. On the demand side, we begin with a dynamic general equilibrium (GE) model that predicts economic growth in each region of the world, based on exogenous projections of population, skilled and unskilled labor and technical change. Economy-wide growth is, in turn, translated into consumer demand for specific products using an econometrically estimated, international cross-section, demand system that permits us to predict the pattern of future consumer demands across the...

Neutralizing the Adverse Industry Impacts of CO2 Abatement Policies: What Does It Cost?

Palavras-chave: Land use; Climate change policy; Baseline; General equilibrium; Agro-ecological zones; C68; R14; Q24; Land Economics/Use.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9910

Bovenberg, A. Lans; Goulder, Lawrence H..

The most cost-effective policies for achieving CO2 abatement (e.g., carbon taxes) are considered politically unacceptable because of distributional consequences. This paper explores policies designed to address distributional concerns. Using an intertemporal, numerical general equilibrium model of the United States, we examine how efficiency costs change when CO2 abatement policies include elements that neutralize adverse impacts on energy industries. We find that desirable distributional outcomes can be achieved at relatively low cost in terms of efficiency. Without substantial added cost to the overall economy, the government can implement carbon abatement policies that protect profits and equity values in fossil-fuel industries. The key to this...

Residential Segregation in General Equilibrium

Palavras-chave: Climate policy; Distributional impacts; General equilibrium; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; H22; L51; D58.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10647

Bayer, Patrick; McMillan, Robert; Rueben, Kim.

This paper studies the causes and consequences of racial segregation using a new general equilibrium model that treats neighborhood compositions as endogenous. The model is estimated using unusually detailed restricted Census microdata covering the entire San Francisco Bay Area, and in combination with a rich array of econometric estimates, serves as a powerful tool for carrying out counterfactual simulations that shed light on the causes and consequences of segregation. In terms of causes, and contrasting with prior research, our GE simulations indicate that equalizing income and education across race would be unlikely to result in significant reductions in racial segregation, as minority households would sort into newly formed minority neighborhoods....

Food policy and poverty in Indonesia: a general equilibrium analysis

Palavras-chave: Segregation; General equilibrium; Endogenous sorting; Urban housing market; Locational equilibrium; Counterfactual simulation; Discrete choice; Labor and Human Capital; H0; J7; R0; R2.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28517

Redução na tributação indireta de alimentos no Brasil: estimativas preliminares baseadas em um banco de dados em construção para o ano de 2004

Warr, Peter G..

Rice is Indonesia’s staple food and accounts for large shares of both consumers’ budgets and total employment. Until recently, Indonesia was the world’s largest importer, but rice import policy is now highly protectionist. Since early 2004, rice imports have been officially banned. Advocates of this policy say it reduces poverty by assisting poor farmers. Opponents say it increases poverty, stressing negative effects on poor consumers. This paper uses a general equilibrium model of the Indonesian economy to analyse the effects of a ban on rice imports. The analysis recognises 1000 individual households, including allmajor socioeconomic categories, disaggregated by expenditures per person. It takes account of effects on each household’s real expenditure and...

Tipo: Article

Palavras-chave: General equilibrium; Rice imports; Trade policy; Indonesia; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118588

Santos, Carliton Vieira dos; Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento de Souza.

Este artigo analisa os efeitos potenciais de uma redução dos tributos indiretos sobre os principais produtos alimentícios consumidos pelas famílias, em nível nacional e regional. A análise é implementada com o uso de um modelo aplicado de equilíbrio geral inter-regional calibrado para o ano de 2004. Os resultados da simulação mostram que uma política como esta conduz a um aumento no nível de atividade econômica nas regiões mais pobres do País e tem o potencial de beneficiar relativamente mais as classes de rendas mais baixas em todas as regiões, especialmente nas mais pobres: Norte e Nordeste. O impacto negativo sobre a arrecadação de tributos indiretos em quase todas as regiões revela-se como a principal limitação desse tipo de política....

A expansão da União Européia em 2004 e seus impactos no agronegócio brasileiro

Palavras-chave: Tributação indireta; Alimentos; Equilíbrio geral; Modelagem regional; Indirect taxation; Foods; General equilibrium; Regional modelling; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108562

Oliveira, Samuel Jose de Magalhaes; Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento de Souza.

International trade has acquired increasing importance for the Brazilian economy, especially for agribusiness. In this way, understanding other countries policies that affects international trade and its impacts in this country is equally important. The European Union (EU) is one of the most important Brazilian trade partners and it is known by strong interference on its agricultural sector. The recent European enlargement and the last Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Reform have been studied at different regions of the World but there is a lack of knowledge regarding the impacts of this on Brazilian rural sectors. This paper aims to assess the impacts of the 2004 EU enlargement on Brazilian agribusiness using the general equilibrium model Global Trade...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: International economics; International trade; General equilibrium; Economic integration.; Political Economy; F11; F15; Q17..

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61192

Extending General Equilibrium to the Tariff Line: U.S. Dairy in the DOHA Development Agenda

Grant, Jason H.; Hertel, Thomas W.; Rutherford, Thomas F..

Market access has been at the core of eight negotiating rounds of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Yet, agricultural trade remains a heavily protected sector, characterized by higher tariffs relative to industrial goods, large tariff dispersions, numerous specific tariffs and systems of tariff-rate-quotas. This has made the analysis of trade liberalization a formidable task among policy analysts. Previous studies of agricultural trade liberalization have used partial or general equilibrium models of trade. However, each of these modeling strategies has their drawbacks. General equilibrium (GE) models have been criticized because they face serious aggregation issues and miss much of the policy detail that occurs at the tariff line. Partial...

Partial versus General Equilibrium Calorie and Revenue Effects of a Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax

Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Mixed-complementarity problem; Partial equilibrium; General equilibrium; Doha Development Agenda; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries; F01; F17; Q17; Q18.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25305

Dharmasena, Senarath; Davis, George C.; Capps, Oral, Jr..

The current obesity crisis in the United States is generating numerous alternative policy options for combating the problem. One alternative that has been widely proposed is an excise or sales tax on sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages. This literature started out within a very simple partial equilibrium framework. Not considering the feedback effects (or general equilibrium effects) across interrelated market is a shortcoming of these partial equilibrium analyses. Our study is carried out to ascertain stochastic partial and general equilibrium calorie, body weight and revenue effects of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages as well as incidence of such tax. We used Nielsen Homescan data on prices and quantities of selected non-alcoholic beverages...