SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Glauben, Thomas; Herzfeld, Thomas; Wang, Xiaobing.

The present study investigates the analysis of poverty persistence of Chinese farm households in the well-off Zhejiang province in the southeast. We firstly apply an ordered probit model examining household, farm, and regional characteristics affecting the probability that households are chronically poor. In addition, we apply a hazard approach to identify the risk of falling into and climbing out of poverty. Results indicate that there are increasing chances to climb out of poverty over time, and that the risk of falling into poverty seems to decrease after the household spent some time outside poverty.

Does Agriculture Help Poverty and Inequality Reduction? Evidence from Vietnam

Palavras-chave: Poverty persistence; China; Rural population; Hazard analysis; Dynamics; Food Security and Poverty; C23; D1; I32; R29.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25249

Poverty and Distribution: Twenty Years Ago and Now

Viet Cuong, Nguyen.

This paper measures impacts of production of crops, forestry, livestock and aquaculture on household welfare, poverty and inequality in rural Vietnam using fixed-effects regressions. Data used in this paper are from Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys 2002 and 2004. It is found that impact estimates of the production of crops and forestry on per capita income and consumption expenditure are not statistically significant. Impact estimates of the livestock production are positive and statistically significant for per capita income, but not statistically significant for per capita expenditure. However, the aquacultural production has positive and statistically significant impacts on both income and expenditure. As a result, the aquacultural production...

Tipo: Article

Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Farm households; Welfare; Poverty; Inequality; Vietnam; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; I32; Q12; O13.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118576

Kanbur, Ravi.

This paper adopts the “Rip Van Winkle” stratagem, of asking what differences would be noticed, in the domain of poverty and distribution, by someone who fell asleep in 1987 (the year I published my paper on poverty in the IMF Staff Papers, and woke up only in 2007 (the year I visited the IMF to work on the present paper). I highlight, somewhat idiosyncratically, ten such differences under three broad headings: Facts and Empirics, Concepts and Theory, and Policies and Interventions.

Use of household food insecurity scales for assessing poverty in Bangladesh and Uganda

Palavras-chave: Poverty; Income Distribution; Development; Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Development; D31; D63; I32; I38; O15.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48918

Alcaraz V., Gabriela; Zeller, Manfred.

An important dimension of poverty is access to food. Household food security implies access to the food needed for a healthy and productive life. Lack of access to and/or impaired utilization of food contribute to household food insecurity. This study compares the usefulness of a standardized food insecurity scale for determining the food insecurity status of rural and urban households in Bangladesh and Uganda, and for predicting poverty status. The analysis uses data from the IRIS Composite Survey Household Questionnaire (2004), which consists of 1,587 households (approximately 800 households in each country). The coping mechanisms adopted in the presence of food shortages represent the building blocks for the development of the scale (7 items). In order...

Will Buying Tropical Forest Carbon Benefit The Poor? Evidence from Costa Rica

Palavras-chave: Food insecurity scale; Poverty; Bangladesh; Uganda; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; I32; O11; Q18.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57164

Kerr, Suzi; Lipper, Leslie; Pfaff, Alexander S.P.; Cavatassi, Romina; Davis, Benjamin; Hendy, Joanna; Sanchez, Arturo.

We review claims about the potential for carbon markets that link both payments for carbon services and poverty levels to ongoing rates of tropical deforestation. We then examine these effects empirically for Costa Rica during the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses the irreversibilities in deforestation. We find significant effects of the relative returns to forest on deforestation rates. Thus, carbon payments would induce conservation and also carbon sequestration, and if land users were poor could conserve forest while addressing rural poverty. However, we find poorer areas are less responsive to returns. This and transaction costs could lead carbon payments policies not to be focused upon the poor. Other practical considerations...

Targeting the poor and smallholder farmers: empirical evidence from Malawi

Palavras-chave: Land Use; Deforestation; Poverty; Climate Change; Development; Costa Rica.; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; I32; O13; Q51; Q54; Q56; Q31.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23807

Houssou, Nazaire; Zeller, Manfred.

This paper develops low cost, reasonably accurate, and simple models for improving the targeting efficiency of development policies in Malawi. Using a stepwise logistic regression (weighted) along with other techniques applied in credit scoring, the research identifies a set of easily observable and verifiable indicators for correctly predicting whether a household is poor or not, based on the 2004-05 Malawi Integrated Household Survey data. The predictive power of the models is assessed using out-of-sample validation tests and receiver operating characteristic curves, whereas the model’s robustness is evaluated by bootstrap simulation methods. Finally, sensitivity analyses are performed using the international and extreme poverty lines. The models...

Determinants of Youth Poverty: A Zip Code Analysis

Palavras-chave: Malawi; Poverty targeting; Proxy means tests; Out-of-sample tests; Bootstrap; Food Security and Poverty; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; I32; C15.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57988

Misra, Kaustav; Debertin, David L..

Estimation of Gini coefficients for various age groups indicates that Kentucky youth population is at risk. The paper determines the factors affecting youth poverty, employing Zip Code data. Analysis of outcomes provides suggestions for the policymakers to limit youth poverty in Kentucky.

Wealth, Living Standards and Perceptions in a Cotton Economy: Evidence from the Cotton Reform in Burkina Faso

Palavras-chave: Youth; Poverty; Zip Code; Gini coefficient; Lorenz curve; Logit model; Food Security and Poverty; I32; I39; R11.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34899

Kaminski, Jonathan.

The cotton economy of Burkina Faso has been characterized by a changing rural environment for farmers since late nineties, which has come with the cotton reform and the resulting cotton boost. There have been slight improvements in living standards and rural households’ income while the subjective feeling of wealth has significantly increased. In this paper, I explore the channels through which the elements of the changing rural environment can bridge the wedge between subjective and objective measures of wealth. In addition to the basic determinants of subjective welfare that can be found in the happiness economics literature, namely absolute and relative income measures, health and social status (and expectations of future incomes), I investigate the...

Effects of Poverty on Deforestation: Distinguishing Behavior from Location

Palavras-chave: Subjective wealth; Burkina Faso's cotton; Rural development; Agricultural policy; Perceptions; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; I32; O13; Q16; Q18.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45780

Kerr, Suzi; Pfaff, Alexander S.P.; Cavatassi, Romina; Davis, Benjamin; Lipper, Leslie; Sanchez, Arturo; Timmins, Jason.

We summarize existing theoretical claims linking poverty to rates of deforestation and then examine this linkage empirically for Costa Rica during the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses the irreversibilities in deforestation. Our data facilitate an empirical analysis of the implications for deforestation of where the poor live. Without controlling for this, impacts of poverty per se are confounded by richer areas being different from the areas inhabited by the poor, who we expect to find on more marginal lands, for instance less profitable lands. Controlling for locations' characteristics, we find that poorer areas are cleared more rapidly. This result suggests that poverty reduction aids forest conservation.

Poverty Comparisons with Endogenous Absolute Poverty Lines

Palavras-chave: Land Use; Deforestation; Poverty; Climate Change; Development; Costa Rica.; Food Security and Poverty; I32; O13; Q51; Q54; Q56.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23792

Simler, Kenneth R.; Arndt, Channing.

The objective of measuring poverty is usually to make comparisons over time or between two or more groups. Comm on statistical inference methods are used to determine whether an apparent difference in measured poverty is statistically significant. Studies of relative poverty have long recognized that when the poverty line is calculated from sample survey data, both the variance of the poverty line and the variance of the welfare metric contribute to the variance of the poverty estimate. In contrast, studies using absolute poverty lines have ignored the poverty line variance, even when the poverty lines are estimated from sample survey data. Including the poverty line variance could either reduce or increase the precision of poverty estimates, depending on...

Corruption, Income Inequality, and Poverty in the United States

Palavras-chave: Poverty measurement; Bootstrap; Mozambique; Food Security and Poverty; I32; C13; 012.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25775

Dincer, Oguzhan C.; Gunalp, Burak.

In this study we analyze the effects of corruption on income inequality and poverty. Our analysis advances the existing literature in four ways. First, instead of using corruption indices assembled by various investment risk services, we use an objective measure of corruption: the number of public officials convicted in a state for crimes related to corruption. Second, we use all commonly used inequality and poverty measures including various Atkinson indexes, Gini index, standard deviation of the logarithms, relative mean deviation, coefficient of variation, and the poverty rate defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Third, we minimize the problems which are likely to arise due to data incomparability by examining the differences in income inequality, and...

The Efficiency-Equity Tradeoffs in Agricultural Research Priority Setting: The Potential Impacts of Agricultural Research on Economic Surplus and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria

Palavras-chave: Corruption; Income Inequality; Poverty; D31; D73; I32.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37848

Alene, Arega D.; Manyong, Victor M.; Tollens, Eric; Abele, Steffen.

Public agricultural research has come under increasing pressure to redefine its strategic priorities to contribute to poverty alleviation goals. However, the issue of whether the poor benefit more from agricultural research that pursues efficiency or equity objectives remains unresolved, largely due to lack of empirical evidence on the nature and magnitude of the efficiencyequity tradeoffs. This paper estimates the potential impacts of agricultural research on economic surplus and poverty reduction in Nigeria, identifies strategic priorities according to both efficiency and equity criteria, and examines the nature and magnitude of the efficiencyequity tradeoffs. The results show that there are no significant efficiencyequity tradeoffs because the rural...

Are The Poverty Effects of Trade Policies Invisible?

Palavras-chave: Poverty reduction; Economic surplus; Research priority setting; Nigeria; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; I32; I38; O13; O32; Q16.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25260

Verma, Monika; Valenzuela, Ernesto; Hertel, Thomas W..

With the advent of the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda, as well as the Millennium Development Goals aiming to reduce poverty by 50 percent by 2015, poverty impacts of trade reforms have attracted increasing attention. This has been particularly true of agricultural trade reform due to the importance of food in the diets of the poor, relatively higher protection in agriculture, as well as the heavy concentration of global poverty in rural areas where agriculture is the main source of income. Yet some in this debate have argued that, given the extreme volatility in agricultural commodity markets, the additional price and poverty impacts due to trade liberalization might well be undetectable. This paper formally tests this “invisibility hypothesis” via...

Middlemen, Non-Profits, and Poverty

Palavras-chave: Trade policy reform; Agricultural trade; Computable general equilibrium; Developing countries; Poverty headcount; Volatility; Stochastic simulation; Non-parametric hypothesis testing; Financial Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; C68; F17; I32; Q17; R20.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61793

Chau, Nancy H.; Goto, Hideaki; Kanbur, Ravi.

In many markets in developing countries, especially in remote areas, middlemen are thought to earn excessive profits. Non-profits come in to counter what is seen as middlemen's market power, and rich country consumers pay a "fair-trade" premium for products marketed by such non-profits. This paper provides answers to the following five questions. How exactly do middlemen and non-profits divide up the market? How do the price mark up and price pass-through differ between middleman and non-profits? What is the impact of non-profits entry on the wellbeing of the poor? Should the government subsidize the entry of non-profits, or the entry of middlemen? Should wealthy consumers in the North pay a premium for fair trade products, or should they support fair...

Being Poor, Feeling Poorer: Combining Objective and Subjective Measures of Welfare in Albania

Palavras-chave: Middlemen; Non-profits; Poverty; Market Access; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Productivity Analysis; F15; I32; L3.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55931

Carletto, Calogero; Zezza, Alberto.

As shown empirically for many transition economies, even small changes in assumptions on economies of size and adult equivalence scales are likely to produce significant changes in the analysis of poverty and its distribution across households and individuals. Since such exercises are then used to orient and prioritize policy actions (e.g. the targeting of scarce social assistance resources) it is important to refine our understanding of the extent to which poverty measures and the resulting profiles are sensitive to specific assumptions. In this paper we investigate how combining objective and subjective measures of welfare can provide insights that are helpful in addressing these questions, particularly with respect to the presence of economies of scale...

Estimating Poverty Over Time and Space: Construction of a Time-Variant Poverty Index for Costa Rica

Palavras-chave: Poverty; Poverty Measurement; Subjective Poverty; Equivalence Scales; Economies of Scale in Consumption; Albania.; Food Security and Poverty; I31; I32; O52; D60.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23801

Cavatassi, Romina; Davis, Benjamin; Lipper, Leslie.

This paper presents the construction of a spatially explicit, nationally disaggregated measure of poverty over time in Costa Rica. The paper first describes the two possible methods considered for the construction of a poverty map: principal component analysis (PCA) versus small area estimation. Next, reasons for choosing PCA and a description of its application both at one point in time (1973) and over time are presented together with the resulting poverty maps. The methodology applied represents a methodological innovation in that the resulting poverty map is time variant rather than concentrated in a single moment in time. A comparison of the results obtainable using various techniques and a discussion on the relative merits of the various options...

Blood for Social Status: Preliminary Evidence from Rural China

Palavras-chave: Poverty Mapping; Principal Component Analysis; Time-variant Poverty Index; Small-area Estimation.; Food Security and Poverty; C43; I32; C31.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23791

Chen, Xi; Zhang, Xiaobo.

Xi Chen acknowledges generous Doctoral Research Grant from the Institute for the Social Sciences at Cornell University and precious data set provided by the Development Strategy and Governance Division at IFPRI. Conference Travel Grant provided by the Department of Applied Economics and Management at Cornell is also acknowledged. We are grateful to Ravi Kanbur for invaluable comments, guidance and encouragement. This paper also benefited from helpful discussion and invaluable comments from Robert Frank, David Sahn, Marc Rockmore, and seminar participants in the Department of Economics at Cornell. Due to time limit, I have not incorporated all helpful comments and suggestions in this early draft paper. The views expressed herein and any remaining errors...

The Optimal Minimum Wage for Poverty Minimization

Palavras-chave: Blood Donation; Social Status; Poverty; Inequality; Relative Deprivation; Rural China; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Health Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Political Economy; Production Economics; Public Economics; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Risk and Uncertainty; I32; J22; D13; D63.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49411

Goto, Hideaki.

The effects of a minimum wage on employment and on poverty have been studied in the literature. This paper characterizes the poverty minimizing minimum wage, and shows how it depends on productivity, inequality and the degree of labor market competitiveness.

Sectoral and welfare effects of the global economic crisis on Uganda: a recursive dynamic CGE analysis

Palavras-chave: Inequality; Labor productivity; Market competitiveness; Minimum wage; Poverty; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Political Economy; D6; I32; J38; J64.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51160

Twimukye, Evarist P.; Matovu, John Mary; Levine, Sebastian; Birungi, Patrick.

This paper analyses the impact of the global economic and financial crisis on Uganda notably on macro-economic aggregates, sectoral output and household welfare, and the potential role of fiscal policy and reform in mitigating the impacts. We find that second round effects from a reduction in financial inflows such as remittances, foreign direct investments and overseas development assistance, as well as reduction in international demand from cash crops such as cotton, tea and coffee, could lead to a reduction in economic growth by 0.6 percentage points on average annually over the period 2008- 2010 compared to a baseline reflecting pre-crisis conditions. A surge in regional exports and early counter-cyclical policies in particular are found to dampen the...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; Global economic and financial crisis; Computable general equilibrium (CGE); Consumer/Household Economics; Financial Economics; Industrial Organization; International Development; Production Economics; Public Economics; C68; D58; E62; F15; H62; I32.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113619

How robust are indicator based poverty assessment tools over time? Empirical evidence from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

van Edig, Xenia; Schwarze, Stefan; Zeller, Manfred.

Eradicating poverty is one of the most urgent concerns of development policies. Organisations aiming at reducing poverty need simple and stable tools to detect poor households. Using data from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, this study aims to test first whether two indicators sets for poverty assessment found in 2005 are still capable in predicting absolute poverty and second, if the indicator composition remains robust over time. Data from two household surveys were used: In 2005 we surveyed 264 households in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi to obtain indicators of poverty and to derive the daily per capita consumption expenditures. In total 280 indicators were sampled. Two different multivariate regression models were fit to...