SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Oliveira, Victor; Prell, Mark A.; Smallwood, David M.; Frazao, Elizabeth.

Rebates from infant formula manufacturers to State agencies that administer the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) support over one-quarter of all WIC participants. However, concerns have been raised that WIC and its infant formula rebate program may significantly affect the infant formula prices faced by non-WIC consumers. This report presents findings from the most comprehensive national study of infant formula prices at the retail level. For a given set of wholesale prices, WIC and its infant formula rebate program resulted in modest increases in the supermarket price of infant formula, especially in States with a high percentage of WIC formula-fed infants. However, lower priced infant formulas are available to...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: WIC program; Infant formula; Cost-containment; Rebates; Food package costs; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women; Infants; And Children; Child nutrition; Food assistance; Food Security and Poverty.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33873

Recent Trends and Economic Issues in the WIC Infant Formula Rebate Program

Oliveira, Victor; Davis, David E..

Over half of all infant formula sold in the United States is purchased through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Typically, WIC State agencies obtain substantial discounts in the form of rebates from infant formula manufacturers for each can of formula purchased through the program. The cost to WIC for each can of formula provided through the program has two components: (1) net wholesale price, which is equal to the wholesale price of formula minus the amount of the rebate; and (2)retail markup, which is equal to the retail price minus the wholesale price. This analysis suggests that retail markup accounts for most of the cost to WIC of infant formula in most States. However, both cost components have...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: WIC; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women; Infants; And Children; Infant formula; Rebates; Net wholesale price; Retail markup; Wholesale price; Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program; FANRP; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7228

WIC Participation Patterns: An Investigation of Delayed Entry and Early Exit

Jacknowitz, Alison; Tiehen, Laura.

USDA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutritious foods, nutrition counseling, and referrals to health and other social services to low-income women and their infants/children up to age 5. Despite the health benefits of WIC participation, many eligible women do not participate during pregnancy, and many households exit WIC when a participating child turns 1 year old. The authors of this report use the first two waves of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to understand these transitions into and out of WIC. Findings show that households that are more economically advantaged are more likely to delay entry into the program or exit after a child turns 1 year old. Some of the...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women; Infants; And Children; WIC; Participation dynamics; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102759

The Infant Formula Market: Consequences of a Change in the WIC Contract Brand

Oliveira, Victor; Frazao, Elizabeth; Smallwood, David M..

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is the major purchaser of infant formula in the United States. To reduce cost to the WIC program, each State awards a sole-source contract to a formula manufacturer to provide its product to WIC participants in the State. As part of the contract, the WIC State agency receives rebates from the manufacturers. In this study, we use 2004-09 Nielsen scanner-based retail sales data from over 7,000 stores in 30 States to examine the effect of winning a WIC sole-source contract on infant formula manufacturers’ market share in supermarkets. We find that the manufacturer holding the WIC contract brand accounted for the vast majority—84 percent—of all formula sold by the top three...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: WIC; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women; Infants; And Children; Infant formula; Rebate; Sole-source contracts; Contract brand; Spillover effect; ERS; USDA; Industrial Organization; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Marketing.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118020

CHILDREN'S CONSUMPTION OF WIC-APPROVED FOODS

Oliveira, Victor; Chandran, Ram.

The WIC program offers supplemental foods to low-income women, infants, and children. This study compared consumption patterns of WIC children with those of three different comparison groups: eligible nonparticipating children living in non-WIC households, eligible nonparticipating children living in WIC households, and children living in households whose income is too high to be eligible for WIC. The study provides strong evidence that participation in the WIC program increases consumption of at least some types of WIC-approved foods. Although WIC-participating children consumed significantly more calories from WIC-approved foods than children in the two comparison groups of eligible nonparticipants, there was no significant difference in total calories...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: WIC; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women; Infants; Children; Food packages; WIC-approved foods; Tobit regression analysis; Food consumption patterns; Child nutrition; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33853

The WIC Program: Background, Trends, and Economic Issues, 2009 Edition

Oliveira, Victor; Frazao, Elizabeth.

The mission of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is to safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children through age 4 who are at nutritional risk. WIC provides nutritious foods to supplement diets, nutrition education, and referrals to health care and other social services. Administered by USDA’s Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), almost half of all infants and about a quarter of all children ages 1-4 in the United States participate in the program. WIC is USDA’s third-largest food and nutrition assistance program, accounting for 10 percent of total Federal spending on food and nutrition assistance. This report describes the WIC program—how it works, its history, program trends, and the...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Food and Nutrition Assistance Programs; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women; Infants; And Children; WIC; Administrative-based issues; Outcomebased issues; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55839

INTERSTATE VARIATION IN WIC FOOD PACKAGE COSTS: THE ROLE OF FOOD PRICES, CASELOAD COMPOSITION, AND COST-CONTAINMENT PRACTICES

Davis, David E.; Leibtag, Ephraim S..

Food prices within States affect average monthly costs of State food benefits packages provided by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) more than variations in WIC caseload composition do. In addition, cost-containment practices by State WIC agencies provide different levels of cost savings in different areas, which also contributes to interstate variation in benefits package costs. This study is one of the few to examine the degree to which food prices, caseloads, and cost containment practices influence costs of State WIC food benefits packages. Because few data exist on the actual food items that WIC participants purchase, the study used a scanner dataset of supermarket transactions and other sources to...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: WIC program; Cost-containment; Food package costs; Food prices; WIC foods; WIC caseloads; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women; Infants; Children; Food Security and Poverty.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33811

AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF WIC, THE INFANT FORMULA REBATE PROGRAM, AND THE RETAIL PRICE OF INFANT FORMULA

Cross-fostering between two species of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata)

Prell, Mark A..

This report develops an economic model that provides the theoretical framework for the econometric analyses presented in the report's companion volume, WIC and the Retail Price of Infant Formula (FANRR-39). The model examines supermarket retail prices for infant formula in a local market area, and identifies the theoretical effects of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and its infant formula rebate program. Special attention is given to the rebate program's sole-source procurement system by which a single manufacturer becomes a State's "contract brand"-the State's one supplier of formula to WIC infants-in exchange for paying rebates to WIC. When a manufacturer's brand is designated a State's contract brand,...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: WIC program; Infant formula; Cost containment; Rebates; Food package costs; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women; Infants; Children; Child nutrition; Food assistance; Food Security and Poverty.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33879

BJB

GUERRA,R. F.; TAKASE,E.; SANTOS,C. V..

Cross-fostering technique can be defined as adoption of infants by adults of other species. This phenomenon is poorly investigated because very young animals have few opportunities to interact peacefully with non-conspecific adults, either in captivity or in natural conditions. This study describes the induction of cross-fostering in captivity between white tufted-ear (Callithrix jacchus) and black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). We conclude that this technique can be very useful for preserving the life of rejected by parents or orphan infants, mainly in the case of species with low reproduction rate in captivity or those threatened by extinction, as well for investigating the environmental effects on the typical behavior of species...

Genotypes and clinical data of respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus in brazilian infants: a new perspective

Palavras-chave: Cross-fostering; Parental behavior; Infants; Reproduction in captivity; Marmosets.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-71081998000400014

BJID

Riccetto,Adriana Gut Lopes; Silva,Luciana Helena Antoniassi da; Spilki,Fernando Rosado; Morcillo,André Moreno; Arns,Clarice Weis; Baracat,Emílio Carlos Elias.

The aim of this study was to determine if there was a correlation between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and metapneumovirus (MPV) genotypes and clinical data of Brazilian infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory infection. The viruses in the patients' nasopharyngeal secretions were studied using the polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis. The study assessed 144 infants; 31.9% were RSV positive and 5.6% were MPV positive. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-squared test, Fisher's test, Odds ratio, univariate logistic regression, non-conditional multivariate logistic regression and the forward - stepwise method. Multivariate analysis confirmed a significant relationship between a positive PCR test for RSV and...

Respiratory syncytial virus, infants and intensive therapy

Palavras-chave: Respiratory syncytial virus; Metapneumovirus; Genotypes; Infants; Clinical.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702009000100008

BJID

Bueno,Ieda Aparecida Correa; Riccetto,Adriana Gut Lopes; Morcillo,André Moreno; Arns,Clarice Weis; Baracat,Emílio Carlos Elias.

The aims of this study were to determine the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and to assess the clinical features of the disease in infants with acute low respiratory tract infection hospitalized at pediatric intensive care units (PICU) of two university teaching hospitals in São Paulo State, Brazil. Nasopharyngeal secretions were tested for the RSV by the polymerase chain reaction. Positive and negative groups for the virus were compared in terms of evolution under intensive care (mechanical pulmonary ventilation, medications, invasive procedures, complications and case fatality). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney and Fisher's exact tests. A total of 21 infants were assessed, 8 (38.1%) of whom were positive for RSV....

Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other

Palavras-chave: Respiratory syncytial virus; Infants; Intensive therapy; Genotypes.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702012000100016

Prevalence and characters of Entamoeba histolytica infection in Saudi infants and children admitted with diarrhea at 2 main hospitals at south Jeddah: a re-emerging serious infection with unusual presentation

BJID

Hegazi,Moustafa Abdelaal; Patel,Tabarek Ahmed; El-Deek,Basem Salama.

In this study, Entamoeba histolytica had high prevalence and unusual presentation by affecting high proportion of infants under 1 year; severe clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings that were known to be usually encountered in invasive amebiasis as significant leukocytosis for age, neutrophilic leukocytosis for age, and positive C-reactive protein were found among more than 50% of admitted Saudi infants and children with E. histolytica infection in our locality. E. histolytica can be a re-emerging serious infection when it finds favorable environmental conditions and host factors which are mainly attributed to inadequate breastfeeding in this study. This may occur in any other area of the world with the same risk factors, so we must be ready to...

A randomized double-blind clinical trial of the effect of non-absorbable oral polymyxin on infants with severe infectious diarrhea

Palavras-chave: Entamoeba histolytica; Saudi; Infants; Children.

Ano: 2013

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702013000100006

Tahan,S.; Morais,M.B.; Wehba,J.; Scaletsky,I.C.A.; Machado,A.M.O.; Silva,L.Q.C.D.; Fagundes Neto,U..

The present study evaluated the effect of non-absorbable oral polymyxin on the duodenal microflora and clinical outcome of infants with severe infectious diarrhea. Polymyxin was chosen because classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was more sensitive to this antibiotic. Twenty-five infants were randomly assigned to a 7-day treatment with oral polymyxin (2.5 mg/kg in 4 daily doses) or placebo. Duodenal and stool cultures were performed before and after the treatment. Five patients were excluded during the study because of introduction of parental antibiotic therapy due to clinical sepsis (N = 3) or rapid clinical improvement (N = 2). In the polymyxin group, small bowel bacterial overgrowth occurred in 61.5% of the cases (8/13) before treatment and in...

Studies of the small bowel surface by scanning electron microscopy in infants with persistent diarrhea

Palavras-chave: Infants; Infectious diarrhea; Duodenal microflora; Polymyxin; Sepsis.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2007000200007

Fagundes-Neto,U.; De Martini-Costa,S.; Pedroso,M.Z.; Scaletsky,I.C.A..

We describe the ultrastructural abnormalities of the small bowel surface in 16 infants with persistent diarrhea. The age range of the patients was 2 to 10 months, mean 4.8 months. All patients had diarrhea lasting 14 or more days. Bacterial overgrowth of the colonic microflora in the jejunal secretion, at concentrations above 10(4) colonies/ml, was present in 11 (68.7%) patients. The stool culture was positive for an enteropathogenic agent in 8 (50.0%) patients: for EPEC O111 in 2, EPEC O119 in 1, EAEC in 1, and Shigella flexneri in 1; mixed infections due to EPEC O111 and EAEC in 1 patient, EPEC O119 and EAEC in 1 and EPEC O55, EPEC O111, EAEC and Shigella sonnei in 1. Morphological abnormalities in the small bowel mucosa were observed in all 16 patients,...

T cell receptor excision circles as a tool for evaluating thymic function in young children

Palavras-chave: Persistent diarrhea; Small bowel; Scanning electron microscopy; Bacterial proliferation; Infants.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2000001200006

Levy,A.; Rangel-Santos,A.; Torres,L.C.; Silveira-Abreu,G.; Agena,F.; Carneiro-Sampaio,M..

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the maturation of T cells as well as the immunological central tolerance. It is in the antenatal period and infancy that it plays its major role. In clinical practice, T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) are considered a direct and reliable measure of the thymic function. TRECs are a by-product of DNA formation in gene rearrangement of T cell receptors. They are stable and they do not duplicate during mitosis, representing the recent emigrant T cells from the thymus. Despite their importance, TRECs have been neglected by physicians and there is a lack of data regarding thymic function during infancy of healthy children. In order to evaluate thymic function in the first years of life, we propose...

Clinical and pathological challenges in the diagnosis of late-onset biliary atresia: four case studies

Palavras-chave: Human thymus; TRECs; Thymic function; Infants.

Ano: 2019

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2019000700601

Nasopharyngeal Gram-negative bacilli colonization in Brazilian children attending day-care centers

Fontenele,J.P.U.; Schenka,A.A.; Hessel,G.; Jarry,V.M.; Escanhoela,C.A.F..

Biliary atresia (BA) is classically described at the neonatal age. However, rare cases of BA in older infants have also been reported. We report four cases of late-onset BA in infants older than 4 weeks (3 males, 1 female), and describe the diagnostic and management difficulties. One of the cases had a late-onset (29 weeks) presentation with a successful surgical procedure. We highlight the importance of this unusual differential diagnosis in infants with cholestatic syndrome, who may benefit from Kasai surgery, regardless of age.

Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/report

Palavras-chave: Kasai operation; Cholestatic syndrome; Infants.

Ano: 2016

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2016000300501

BJM

Lima,Ana Beatriz Mori; Leão,Lara Stefânia Netto de Oliveira; Oliveira,Luciana Silva da Cruz; Pimenta,Fabiana Cristina.

This study aimed at determining prevalence and resistance profile of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from nasopharynx of children attending day-care centers in Goiânia (Brazil). P. aeruginosa (100.0%), E. coli (50.0%), K. pneumoniae (35.3%), and E. aerogenes (16.7%) were the most frequent multi-drug resistant microorganisms isolated. No production of ESBL was detected.