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New records of Leptospira spp. in wild marsupials and a rodent in the eastern Brazilian Amazon through PCR detection Acta Amazonica
SOUZA ROCHA,Katarine de; SCHUPP DE SENA MESQUITA,Gleiciane; SILVA FERREIRA,Maeli Fernanda; LEITE BARROS,Flávia de Nazaré; MACEDO,Renata Cecília Soares de Lima; ARAÚJO SARAIVA,Elane de; MENDES-OLIVEIRA,Ana Cristina; DUARTE CERQUEIRA,Valíria; SCOFIELD,Alessandra; GOES CAVALCANTE,Gustavo; ABEL,Isis; GUIMARÃES DE MORAES,Carla Cristina.
ABSTRACT We analyzed the presence of Leptospira spp. in liver and kidney tissue of wild marsupials and rodents trapped in a periurban forest in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. We examined 25 individuals of four marsupial and seven rodent species for the presence of the 16S rRNA gene of Leptospira in the DNA extracted from 47 liver and kidney tissue samples using PCR. We detected positive samples in 12% (3/25) of the individuals, in kidney fragments of two marsupial species (Didelphis marsupialis and Marmosops pinheiroi) and in a liver fragment of one rodent species (Echimys chrysurus). These are the first records of Leptospira spp. in M. pinheiroi and E. chrysurus and it is the first molecular survey of marsupials and rodents in the Brazilian Amazon.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/report Palavras-chave: Didelphimorphia; Rodentia; Live traps; Kidney; Liver; 16S rRNA.
Ano: 2020 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0044-59672020000400305
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Fish histopathology and catalase activity as biomarkers of the environmental quality of the industrial district on the Amazon estuary, Brazil - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i3.18032 Biological Sciences
Viana, Andréa Pontes; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; Frédou, Flávia Lucena; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; Montes, Caroline da Silva; Universidade Federal do Pará; Rocha, Rossineide Martins; Universidade Federal do Pará.
The environment quality of an industrial district on the river Pará, Amazon estuary, Brazil, based on the assessment of histological alterations and on the determination of catalase activity of the hepatic tissue of two fish species, Plagioscion squamossissimus and Lithodoras dorsalis, is provided. Histopathological changes were evaluated semi-quantitatively and qualitatively. Mean Assessment Values (MAV) and Histological Alteration Index (HAI) of organ lesions were calculated for each zone under analysis, with different impact levels: Zone 1 (industrial district, with high contamination risk); Zone 2 (medium risk) and Zone 3 (minimum risk). Strong positive catalase activity and histopathological changes were reported in Zone 1. None of the specimens of...
Palavras-chave: 2.04.06.01-0; 2.06.03.00-2 biomonitoring; Liver; Industrialization; Northern Brazil 2.06.03.00-2 Biomonitoring liver industrialization North Brazil. 2.06.03.00-2.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciBiolSci/article/view/18032
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Protective Effect of Vitamin C on Triptolide-induced Acute Hepatotoxicity in Mice through mitigation of oxidative stress Anais da ABC (AABC)
XU,PENGJUAN; LI,YOUYOU; YU,ZHICHAO; YANG,LIN; SHANG,RONG; YAN,ZIHANG.
Abstract: Triptolide, a purified diterpenoid from the herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., was widely used to treat many diseases. However, the hepatotoxicity of triptolide limited its clinical use. Research showed oxidative stress played an important role in triptolide-induced liver injury. To investigate the effect of vitamin C, which was one of the most effective antioxidants, on triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity and its potential mechanism in mice. In the present study, acute liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of triptolide and vitamin C was orally administered. The results showed treatment with vitamin C prevented the triptolide-induced liver injury by reducing the levels of aspartate transaminase from 286.86 to 192.48 U/mL and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Vitamin C; Triptolide; Liver; Oxidative stress; Mice.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652019000300713
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Hepatic steatosis associated with microsporidiosis in teleost fishes from Marajó Island, Brazil Anais da ABC (AABC)
VIDEIRA,MARCELA; VELASCO,MICHELE; MATOS,PATRÍCIA; CLEMENTE,SÉRGIO C. DE SÃO; SANCHES,OSIMAR; SANTOS,PATRÍCIA; MATOS,EDILSON.
A total of 40 specimens of the teleost fish Gobioides grahamae Palmer & Wheeler, 1955 were obtained from the municipality of Salvaterra on Marajó Island in the Brazilian state of Pará. Their livers were removed and processed for light microscopy. Overall, 90% of the specimens presented some degree of steatosis of the liver, which was invariably associated with the presence of Microsporidium sp. The present study confirms the occurrence of steatosis in G. grahamae associated with parasitic infections by Microsporidium. The findings indicate that the condition of otherwise healthy fishes in their natural environment may be affected negatively by parasites.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Marajó Island; Gobioides grahamae; Liver; Steatosis.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652014000301347
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Ammonia poisoning causes muscular but not liver damage in cattle Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.
Antonelli,A.C.; Torres,G.A.S.; Soares,P.C.; Mori,C.S.; Sucupira,M.C.A.; Ortolani,E.L..
Twelve steers were intraruminally administered a high dose (0.5g/kg BW) of urea to study the damage effect of ammonia poisoning on liver and/or muscles. Blood samples were collected to determine ammonia and activities of gammaGT, AST and CK. Eleven steers were successfully poisoned and treated properly, but one succumbed. Poisoned cattle showed high concentration of ammonia, and higher activities of AST and CK. The higher the ammonia, the greater were the activities of AST (r=0.59) and CK (r=0.61). The correlation between AST and CK was high and significant (r=0.80), but not between AST and gammaGT (r=0.19). The activities of AST and CK were higher after the beginning of the convulsive episodes due to ammonia poisoning. Those results showed that occurred...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cattle; Ammonia poisoning; Urea; Muscle damage; Liver.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-09352007000100002
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Qualitative feed restriction on productive performance and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.
Cornejo,S.; Gadelha,A.C.; Pokniak,J.; Villouta,G..
A trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of qualitative restriction at different rearing phases on liver fatness and plasma triglycerides without impairing the productive performance of broiler chickens. One hundred and seventy-six male chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments and reared in battery brooders (16 pens with 11 birds each) from 1 to 49-day-old. In the control group, chicks were fed a starter diet (1 to 28-day-old) with 3,300kcal ME/kg of diet and 22.5% CP; grower diet (29 to 42-day-old) 3,300kcal ME/kg of diet and 18.2% CP; and the finisher diet (43 to 49-day-old) 3,300kcal ME/kg and 18.2% CP. Three restrict groups were fed a low 2,800kcal ME/kg of diet and 24% CP from 7 to 14-day-old (treatment 1); from 7 to 21-day-old...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Broiler chicken; Feed restriction; Productive performance; Liver; Triglyceride.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-09352007000600031
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Role of berberine in ameliorating Schistosoma mansoni-induced hepatic injury in mice Biol. Res.
Dkhi,Mohamed A.
BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. Berberine chloride (BER), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has been used in vivo for its antiparasitic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. In this study, the protective effect of BER and praziquantel has been compared for the extent of schistosomiasis-induced oxidative stress in hepatic tissue of mice. RESULTS: S. mansoni was able to induce inflammation and injury to the liver, evidenced (i) by an increase in inflammatory cellular infiltrations, dilated sinusoids and vacuolated hepatocytes, (ii) by decreased levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and increased levels of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase in the liver homogenate, (iii) by...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Schistosoma mansoni; Berberine; Liver; Mice.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602014000100008
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The effects of 4-nonylphenol contamination on livers of Tilapia fish (Oreochromus spilurs) in Jeddah Biol. Res.
Abdulla Bin-Dohaish,El-jawaher.
Alkylphenol polyethoxylates is a group of estrogenic compounds. Natural or synthetic types of these compounds react with the endocrine system by binding hormone receptors, resulting in interference with their action, which is why they are called endocrine disrupting chemicals. Among their hydrolytic products are nonylphenols (NP), which are considered pollutants of aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathological alterations on liver tissue of fish exposed to these compounds for long durations, starting from beginning of life and during the period of sexual maturity. Tilapia fish were obtained from Abhur fish farms, reared in the laboratory in special basins, and divided into two groups. The first maternal group was...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Nonylphenol; Tilapia fish; Liver; Histology.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602012000100002
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Hepatic steatosis in six-banded armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus Linnaeus, 1758) Biota Neotropica
Silva,Andrezza Braga Soares da; Rizzo,Marcia dos Santos; Viloria-Petit,Alicia; Conde Junior,Airton Mendes.
Abstract The six-banded armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus) stands out among wild mammals due to the rare occurrence of spontaneous metabolic diseases. When altered, the liver, which is important in metabolism, may trigger a dysfunctional cascade, leading to hepatic steatosis. Here we describe a case of hepatic steatosis in a six-banded armadillo living in captivity. The female specimen was captured and donated to the Federal University of Piaui under SISBIO authorization nº53303. The animal was first referred for a veterinary clinical evaluation, and then euthanized following the ethical standards of the Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine. At the start of the dissection, the abdominal cavity was accessed and sections of all ex situ liver lobes, spleen...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Euphractus sexcinctus; Infectious; Liver; Six-banded armadillo; Steatosis.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-06032018000100504
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Hepatoprotective effects of Iranian Hypericum scabrum essential oils against oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen in rats BABT
Dadkhah,Abolfazl; Fatemi,Faezeh; Farsani,Mohsen Eslami; Roshanaei,Kambiz; Alipour,Mahdi; Aligolzadeh,Hadi.
This studied examined the protective role of Hypericum scabrum oils (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w, i.p) on acetaminophen-induced liver damages in the rat. The hepatic oxidative/antioxidant parameters such as lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24h after the treatments confirmed by histopathological consideration. The results indicated that increased levels of hepatic LP and FRAP and SOD activity were reversed in the rats treated with oils. In addition, the depleted GSH were compensated with the oil treatments. The protective effect of the oils was further confirmed by the histophatological examination carried out on liver biopsies. The...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Hypericum scabrum; Essential oils; Acetaminophen; Rat; Oxidative stress; Liver.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132014000300005
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Ultra-structural and histochemical analysis of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) liver treated with fumonisin B1 BABT
Scaff,Rejane Maria Cirra; Scussel,Vildes Maria.
The histopathological effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) injected intraperitoneally (IP), was evaluated in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Fishes were divided into four Groups. Groups II, III and IV were treated IP with FB1 injections of 1; 5 and 10 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, during 21 days. At the 7th, 14th and 21st day, fishes were sacrificed. The livers were hystologicaly analysed by the light and transmission electronic microscopy. Livers from the 7th day showed organelles alterations, particularly in the granular endoplasmatic reticle, mitochondria, nucleus and nucleolus mediated by FB1 doses. The occurrence of processes involved in the necrosis and apoptosis was detected. At the highest FB1 dose,the livers presented an intense response with an accentuate...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Liver; Catfish; Fumonisin B1; Histopathology; Ultra-structural microscopy.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132008000200013
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Investigation of liver tissue and biochemical parameters of adult wistar rats treated with Arctium lappa L. BABT
Predes,Fabrícia Souza; Matta,Sérgio Luis Pinto da; Monteiro,Juliana Castro; Oliveira,Tânia Toledo de.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Arctium lappa L. (burdock) on the liver of adult male Wistar rats as measured by light microscopy and biochemical parameters. The rats received the extract in water bottles at doses of 10 or 20 g/L daily for 40 days. There were no significant changes in the plasma levels of albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total protein, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, triacylglycerol, calcium, phosphorus, chlorine and direct bilirubin. The morphological analysis did not reveal histopathological alterations in liver tissue. Both biochemical and morphological data did not indicate A. lappa toxicity.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Arctium lappa; Burdock; Plasma components; Liver.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132009000200010
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Biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical technetium-99m-sodium phytate in rats after splenectomy BABT
Pereira,Kércia Regina Santos Gomes; Açucena,Maria Kadja Meneses Torres; Villarim Neto,Arthur; Rêgo,Amália Cínthia Meneses; Bernardo-Filho,Mário; Azevedo,Ítalo Medeiros; Araújo Filho,Irami; Medeiros,Aldo Cunha.
Drugs and surgery can interfere with the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals and data about the effect of splenectomy on the metabolism of phytate-Tc-99m are scarce. This study aimed at evaluating the interference of splenectomy on phytate-Tc-99m biodistribution and liver function in rats. The SP group rats (n=6) underwent splenectomy. In group C (control) the animals were not operated on. After 15 days, all rats were injected with 0.1mL of Tc-99m-phytate via orbital plexus (0.66MBq). After 30 minutes, liver samples were harvested, weighed and the percentage of radioactivity per gram (%ATI/g) was determined by a Wizard Perkin-Elme gama counter. The ATI%/g in splenectomized rats (0.99±0.02) was significantly higher than in controls (0.4±0.02),...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Splenectomy; Sodium phytate; Biodistribution; Liver.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132008000700033
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Lake Baikal Endemic Sculpins (Cottoidei): A Promising Model to Study Adaptive Plasticity of Blood Cholesterol Metabolism BABT
Sudakov,Nikolay P.; Klimenkov,Igor V.; Pastukhov,Mikhail V..
We analyzed the blood lipid spectra in four closely related sculpin (Cottoidei) species endemic to Lake Baikal. These data characterize the Baikal sculpins as a set of model organisms for studying the adaptive plasticity of cholesterol metabolism and also mechanisms of resistance to the development of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cholesterol; Lipoproteins; Liver; Cottoidei; Lake Baikal.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132015000400613
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Effects of Replacement of Fishmeal with other Alternative Plant Sources in the Feed on Proximate Composition of Muscle, Liver and Ovary in Tilapia (Oreochromis nioloticus) BABT
Al-Ghanim,Khalid; Al-Thobaiti,Ahmed; Al-Balawi,Humoud F. Alkahem; Ahmed,Zubair; Mahboob,Shahid.
ABSTRACT The major objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of alternate plant protein sources as a replacement for fish meal in feed on the proximate composition of muscle, liver and tissue in Oreochromis niloticus. O. niloticus of average size (average Weight 45.00±1.25 g, total length 13.28±1.42 cm) were stocked in 100 L glass aquarium. Fish were fed with three experimental feeds (A, B and C) and reference commercial feed (D) for 16 weeks. Feed A, B and C was prepared from four different plant sources and fish meal (40 % crude protein). Fish were fed at the rate 3 % of body weight daily. It has been observed that tilapia fed with feed B in which 20 % fish meal was replaced compared to feed C with other plant sources of protein, had shown...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Feed; Plant sources; Muscle; Liver; Ovary.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132017000100420
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Acute intraperitoneal mercury chloride contamination and distribution in liver, muscle and gill of a neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus (BLOCK, 1794) BABT
Jesus,Taise Bomfim de; Almeida,Priscila Gontijo Aguiar de; Vergílio,Cristiane dos Santos; Machado,André Luiz dos Santos; Carvalho,Carlos Eduardo Veiga de.
The present study investigated with the distribution of mercury chloride in muscle, liver and gills of Hoplias malabaricus contaminated through intraperitoneal injection (6 µg in 0.1mL of PBS) for a period of 24, 48, 72 and 96h. The liver, gill and muscle were analyzed for mercury content in an ICP/AES (Varian Liberty II) with vapor generating accessory (VGA 77). The muscle and liver tissues presented the same contamination pattern increasing concentrations in 24 h of exposure with a decrease in Hg concentration with 72 h and a new increase in Hg concentrations with 96 h of exposure. The Hg concentrations in contaminated organisms were always higher than the control although only for liver samples the difference was statistically significant. Liver samples...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Inorganic mercury; Liver; Acute effects; Intraperitoneal contamination.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132011000200021
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Nephroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract of Melissa officinalis L. on acetaminophen-induced and pleurisy-induced lesions in rats BABT
Müzell,Denise Pereira; Lunardelli,Adroaldo; Leite,Carlos Eduardo; Fagundes,Rodrigo Medeiros; Saciura,Vasyl Custódio; Reichel,Carlos Luiz; Oliveira,Jarbas Rodrigues de; Astarita,Leandro Vieira.
This study assessed the bioactive properties of an aqueous extract of M. officinalis for its anti-inflammatory activity and its protection against hepatic and renal lesions induced by acetaminophen (APAP). Animals pre-treated with the crude extract in pleurisy induced by carrageenan showed a reduction in the amounts of exudate, in the numbers of leukocytes and polymorphonuclear cells. Intragastric administration of the extract for seven days prior to the APAP-induced lesion showed no protective effect on the liver. The treatment with the extract induced an increase of serum aspartate aminotransferase, indicating a rise of toxicity. Contrarily, the same treatment reduced the APAP induced lesion in kidney, with respect to ν-glutamyltransferase. The results...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Acetaminophen; Melissa officinalis; Pleurisy; Anti-inflammatory; Kidney; Liver.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132013000300006
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The Influence of Ca2+ on Gluconeogenesis Stimulation by Glucagon in the Liver of Arthritic Rats BABT
Kelmer-Bracht,Ana M.; Fedatto-Júnior,Zélio; Ishii-Iwamoto,Emy L.; Caparroz-Assef,Silvana M.; Bracht,Adelar.
Ca2+ participates in the stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by glucagon and there is evidence that Ca2+ fluxes are modified in arthritic rats. These findings raise the question whether hepatic gluconeogenesis in arthritic rats responds differently to glucagon and Ca2+. The experimental system was the isolated perfused rat liver. In the presence of Ca2+, stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by glucagon in arthritic rats was equal to that in normal rats in absolute terms, but higher in relative terms (104.5 and 45.2%, respectively). In the absence of Ca2+, however, stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by glucagon in arthritic rats was smaller in both absolute and relative terms (18.5 and 41.9%, respectively). It can be concluded that the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Arthritis; Liver; Gluconeogenesis; Glucagon.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132002000300009
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Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids by the liver of mice fed linseed oil as a function of feeding duration BABT
Perini,João Angelo Lima; Stevanato,Flávia Braidotti; Visentainer,Jeane Eliete Laguila; Sargi,Sheisa Cyléia; Oliveira,Marcia Machado; Souza,Nilson Evelázio; Matsushita,Makoto; Visentainer,Jesuí Vergílio.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) on male Swiss mice livers receiving diets based on linseed oil (LO) for up to 56 days. The mice were sacrificed at 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 days and FA concentration was analyzed by gas chromatography. A total of 13 FA were identified on LO feeds presenting alpha-linolenic acid (LNA) contents of 26.97 %. A total 22 FA were identified in the livers of the mice. Part of the LNA was converted into n-3 FA (20:3n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid-EPA, 22:5n-3, and docosahexaenoic acid-DHA), and some of the LNA was stored in the liver. LNA, EPA and DHA concentrations (mg/g total lipids ) from 0 days for up 56 days increased from 1.29 to 18.90 (LNA), 0.20 to 18.90 (EPA) and 41.26 to...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Mice; Liver; Linseed oil.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132011000200012
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Alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma and liver of rats submitted to chronic exposure to fluoride BABT
Fernandes,Mileni da Silva; Iano,Flávia Godoy; Rocia,Vivian; Yanai,Marcela Mitsuko; Leite,Aline de Lima; Furlani,Tatiana Almeida; Buzalaf,Marília Afonso Rabelo; Oliveira,Rodrigo Cardoso de.
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of fluoride (F) on alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver and plasma of the rats. Four groups of male Wistar rats (n=6), which received drinking water containing 5, 15 or 50 ppm F or deionized water (control) throughout the experiment were included in the study. The animals were euthanized and had their tissues and blood plasma collected for the analysis of fluoride and alkaline phosphatase. There was an increase in F concentration in most tissues in the animals treated with higher F concentrations, except for the heart. The alkaline phosphatase assay showed an increase in the activity in the liver and blood plasma of the animals treated with fluoride concentrations of 15 and 50 ppm (p<0.05). This...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Alkaline phosphatase; Fluoride; Liver; Kidney.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132011000600014
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