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| Bonhommeau, Sylvain; Dubroca, Laurent; Le Pape, Olivier; Barde, Julien; Kaplan, David; Chassot, Emmanuel; Nieblas, Anne-elise. |
| Trophic levels are critical for synthesizing species' diets, depicting energy pathways, understanding food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning, and monitoring ecosystem health. Specifically, trophic levels describe the position of species in a food web, from primary producers to apex predators (range, 1-5). Small differences in trophic level can reflect large differences in diet. Although trophic levels are among the most basic information collected for animals in ecosystems, a human trophic level (HTL) has never been defined. Here, we find a global HTL of 2.21, i.e., the trophic level of anchoveta. This value has increased with time, consistent with the global trend toward diets higher in meat. National HTLs ranging between 2.04 and 2.57 reflect a... |
| Tipo: Text |
Palavras-chave: Human ecology; Nutrition transition; Trophic ecology. |
| Ano: 2013 |
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28190/26609.pdf |
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| Schmidhuber, Josef. |
| The last few decades have seen fundamental changes in food consumption patterns around the world. These changes were characterized not only by an increase in overall calorie intakes but also by a shift in the composition of the diet towards more meat, eggs, dairy products as well as more fats and oils, i.e. a shift towards high calorie diets that are also much richer in saturated fats and cholesterol. The main drivers of this transition include factors such as: (i) rapidly falling real prices for food; (ii) urbanization with the development of new marketing channels and the spread of supermarkets into developing countries; (iii) and freer trade and globalization with the emergence of large, trans-nationally operating food companies. This diet transition... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Nutrition transition; Obesity; NCDs; Policy options; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12003 |
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