SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Jamora, Nelissa; Bernsten, Richard H.; Maredia, Mywish K..

The study evaluated the impacts of the graduate degree training (GDT) component of the B/C CRSP. In their enhanced capacity, trainees have been playing important roles in strengthening teaching and research capacity in bean and cowpea sectors, both in the U.S. and in host countries. The study recommends the continued commitment and increased financial support to GDT.

Tomato Farmers and Modern Markets in Nicaragua: A Duration Analysis

Palavras-chave: Impact assessment; B/C CRSP; Training; Graduate degree; Beans; Cowpeas; Crop Production/Industries; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; Q16; I23; O15; O19.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6918

Hernandez, Ricardo; Reardon, Thomas.

This paper explores whether farm land and non-land assets determine the participation of tomato growers in modern markets in Nicaragua, and how farmers’ duration as supermarket suppliers affects the farm technology they use. The methodology is based on a survival analysis approach. We use data from a stratified random sample of tomato farmers in Nicaragua over a 10-year period. Our results show that participation in supermarket supply chains as supermarket supplier is not determined by farm size, contrary to a common hypothesis, and thus small farmers can be supermarket suppliers. However, non-land assets are important determinants of being in the modern channel: these assets include irrigation, nonfarm assets (linked to nonfarm employment) and education....

Tipo: Working Paper

Palavras-chave: Supermarkets; Nicaragua; Technology Adoption; Agribusiness; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O19; O54; O13; Q12; Q13; Q15.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121802

New Evidence on Long-Run Output Convergence Among Latin American Countries

Do Transnational Corporations Care About Labour Standards?

Holmes, Mark J..

This study assesses long-run real per capita output convergence among selected Latin American countries. The empirical investigation, however, is based on an alternative approach. Strong convergence is determined on the basis of the first largest principal component, based on income differences with respect to a chosen base country, being stationary. The qualitative outcome of the test is invariant to the choice of base country and, compared to alternative multivariate tests for long-run convergence, this methodology places less demands on limited data sets. Using annual data for the period 1960-2000, strong convergence is confirmed for the Central American Common Market. However, an amended version of the test confirms weaker long-run convergence in the...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Output convergence; Latin America; Common trends; F15; O19; O40; O54.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37134

Busse, Matthias.

This paper explores the relationship between foreign direct investment, or the activities of transnational corporations, and core labour standards. It discusses the channels through which labour standards may influence foreign direct investment and presents the results of an empirical test of that linkage. The results show that, contrary to the conventional wisdom that transnational corporations engage predominately in countries with low standards, higher labour standards are positively associated with foreign direct investment inflows. Concerns about "social dumping" or "a race to the bottom" on such standards appear to be mistaken. This result even holds for poor developing countries. Die Beziehung zwischen ausländischen Direktinvestitionen, das heißt...

Can Process Conditionality Enhance Aid Effectiveness? The Role of Bureaucratic Interest and Public Pressure

Palavras-chave: Transnational Corporations; Foreign Direct Investment; Labour Standards; Cross-Country Regression Framework; International Relations/Trade; Labor and Human Capital; F23; O19.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26298

Hefeker, Carsten; Michaelowa, Katharina.

Can process conditionality really enhance poverty reduction in developing countries? This question is addressed in the framework of a politico-economic model considering political distortions both on the recipient and on the donor side. It turns out that process conditionality is a very useful tool to raise the welfare of the poor as long as the international aid organizations hold all necessary information to assess the political situation in recipient countries and to select the true representatives of the poor into a participatory process. If they do not hold this information or if other bureaucratic interests reduce their incentive to acquire this information, process conditionality loses its effectiveness in achieving the desired objective.

Aid, Governance, and Private Foreign Investment: Some Puzzling Findings and a Possible Explanation

Palavras-chave: Poverty reduction; Process conditionality; Political economy of international organizations.; Food Security and Poverty; Political Economy; D72; D73; F35; O19.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26389

Harms, Philipp; Lutz, Matthias.

Does official aid pave the road for private foreign investment or does it suffocate private initiative by diverting resources towards unproductive activities? In this paper we explore this question using data for a large number of developing and emerging economies. Controlling for countries' institutional environment, we find that, evaluated at the mean, the marginal effect of aid on private foreign investment is close to zero. Surprisingly, however, the effect is strictly positive for countries in which private agents face a substantial regulatory burden. After testing the robustness of this result, we offer a theoretical model that is able to rationalize our puzzling observation.

Reconsiderando la metodología FAO sobre el cálculo del número de personas que pasan hambre en el mundo

Palavras-chave: Aid; Foreign Direct Investment; Institutions; International Relations/Trade; F35; F21; O16; O19.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26128

Morales-Opazo, Cristian; Barreiro-Hurlé, Jesús.

FAO measure of undernourishment is calculated based on three main parameters: dietary energy supply (DES), minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER), and the coefficient of variation of dietary energy consumption (CV). In the current implementation of this methodology, the DES and the MDER change over time, as would be expected. The CV, however, remains constant. However, we expect the CV to change over time and be a function of income and prices. This paper discusses why the CV should change in response to changes in these variables, and suggests a practical way to estimate changes in the CV over time in the absence of survey data.

Tipo: Article

Palavras-chave: Income; Prices; Consumption; Undernourishment; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; E21; O11; O19.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120198

Food Aid Allocation Policies: Donor Coordination and Responsiveness to the Needs of Recipient Countries

Kuhlgatz, Christian; Abdulai, Awudu; Barrett, Christopher B..

This study employs a multivariate Tobit model to investigate whether food aid flows of the main donor countries – USA, EU (Community Aid and Member States), Canada, Japan and Australia – respond to recipient countries’ needs and the extent to which the donors interact in their food aid allocation. The response of global food aid is also analyzed with a censored least absolute deviation (CLAD) model to highlight the overall performance of aggregate food aid. The empirical results generally indicate that both global and bilateral food aid are effective instruments in improving food security at the national level in recipient countries. In particular, global food aid is found to be significantly targeted to poorer countries, as well as countries facing...

Productivity Spillovers from Foreign MNEs on Domestic Manufacturing Firms: Is Co-location Always a Plus?

Palavras-chave: Food aid; Need-orientation; Donor coordination; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F35; I38; O19; Q18.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51686

Mariotti, Sergio; Mutinelli, Marco; Nicolini, Marcella; Piscitello, Lucia.

The paper analyses productivity spillovers from foreign MNEs on domestic manufacturing firms. Using a database on foreign MNEs in Italy, our results reveal that local firms do benefit from the presence of foreign MNEs, and the effect is higher when local and foreign firms in manufacturing sectors are co-located. However, spillovers benefiting domestic firms are likely to be less influenced by co-location when foreign MNEs are in services sectors as the latter are different from manufacturing industries under a number of aspects that overcome the effect of distance. Indeed, in these sectors, proximity and interaction are often obtained through professional mobility and temporary inter-organizational routines.

A REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND HUMAN NUTRITION ISSUES IN NEPAL

Palavras-chave: Multinational Firms; Co-Location; Proximity; Spillover Effects; Customer-Supplier Interaction; Vertical Linkages; International Relations/Trade; D24; F23; O19; R30.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99683

Shively, Gerald E.; Gars, Jared; Sununtnasuk, Celeste.

Nepal faces multiple development challenges, including chronic and widespread food insecurity and adult and child malnutrition. Due to population growth, agricultural stagnation and a range of institutional failures, the threat of a serious food crisis in Nepal is substantial. The recent scaling back of WFP assistance means that food security conditions in some parts of Nepal will undoubtedly worsen in the near future. This paper presents a brief review of topics and available evidence regarding food security, malnutrition and related subjects in Nepal. It is intended to document important source material and provide an overview of topics for non-specialists or those moving into new areas of concern.

International Commodity Organizations and Governance of Global Value Chains

Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Health; Nutrition; Nepal; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; I12; I31; O19; Q18.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116190

Burger, Kees; Daviron, Benoit; Flores, Vanessa.

International commodity Organizations can play a role in reducing transaction costs between producer and consumer. The current organisations do this partly through statistics and collecting and disseminating market information, undertaking projects and convening meetings. Of a traditional focus on the international part of the trade chain they must extend to the whole chain, until the natural resources on the producer side and treatment of waste on the consumer side. This requires more capacity, stronger mandate and more intensive cooperation for the organisations mutually and with UNCTAD, FAO and the World Bank. The representatives of the governments now play the role of administrators and representatives of the industry. They should be customers, guard...

The Origin, Development And Structure Of Demand For Plant Genetic Resources. The Impact Of The In Trust Agreements To The CGIAR Collections Availability

Palavras-chave: Global governance; Global value chain; Commodities; Development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Q13; O19.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51631

Caracciolo, Francesco; Gotor, Elisabetta; Holloway, Garth J.; Watts, Jamie.

The objective of this paper is to explore how the demand of germplasm held by CGIAR genebanks changed over time in order to assess the possible influence of the 1994 In Trust Agreements on germplasm demand. The proposed theoretic model motivates the realistic hypothesis that the consequences of the In-Trust Agreements lead to an enhancement of CGIAR germplasm utilization. Therefore the paper firstly examines the classical literature on biodiversity’s valuation and its recent developments and subsequently it investigates the origin of the agricultural biodiversity’s economic value, providing a basic conceptual framework to infer on factors determining the demand for germplasm. Two Bayesian estimation frameworks are applied to the IRRI accessions...

Impacto de los acuerdos de asociacion en el comercio Euromediterraneo de frutas y hortalizas

Palavras-chave: Crop genetic resources; Germplasm collection; Search theoretic framework; Count data; Changepoints; O19; Q18; Q57; C11.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36773

Selva, Maria Luisa Marti; Garcia Alvarez-Coque, Jose-Maria.

The aim of this research is to discuss a different way to represent the influence of Association Agreements on the agricultural trade between Southern Mediterranean Countries and the European Union in the period 1995-2004. A yearly analysis makes it possible to study trade changes after the Association Agreement between European Union and Southern Mediterranean Countries. For assessment of the Association Agreements, groups of countries with different treatment granted by the EU can separately considered. For these purposes, a gravity model approach could be of help, in particular for differentiated products such as fruits and vegetables. RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el comercio agrícola entre los países terceros mediterráneos y la...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Association agreements; Gravity model; Trade of fruits and vegetables.; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13; O19.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7998

Kyoto-Protokoll, Wettbewerb und WTO-Handelssystem

Shin, Soonjae.

Es wird häufig angenommen, dass nationale und grenzüberschreitende Klimapolitik, die aufgrund des Kyoto-Protokolls in den Industriestaaten eingeführt wird, durch die Einschränkung der Nutzung fossiler Energieträger ökonomische Kosten verursacht. Damit kann es zwischen den emissionsintensiven Industrien der Staaten, die Kyoto- Ziele umsetzen müssen, und denen der Staaten ohne eine solche Verpflichtung zu Wettbewerbsverzerrungen kommen. Langfristig kann jedoch technologischer Fortschritt die Klimaschutzkosten signifikant senken und dadurch die Wettbewerbsverzerrung mindern. Dennoch ist nicht auszuschließen, dass die kurzfristigen Wettbewerbsverzerrungen aufgrund einer differenzierten Einführung klimapolitischer Instrumente je nach Sektor durchaus...

The End of an Era? The Medium- and Long-Term Effects of the Global Crisis on Growth in Low-Income Countries

Palavras-chave: Internationale Klimapolitik; Wettbewerb; Internationale Handelsregeln; Politische Koordination; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; K32; K33; O19.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26348

Berg, Andrew; Papageorgiou, Chris; Pattillo, Catherine; Spatafora, Nikola.

This paper investigates the medium- and long-term growth effects of the global financial crises on Low-Income Countries (LICs). Using several methodological approaches, including impulse response function analysis, growth spells techniques and panel regressions, we show that external demand (ED) shocks are not historically associated with sharp declines in output growth. Given existing evidence that LICs were primarily impacted by such a shock in the global financial crisis, our analysis provides some optimism on the chances that LICs will avoid a protracted period of slow growth. However, we also show that there seem to be persistent output losses associated with ED shocks in the medium-run. In terms of policy implications, our analysis provides evidence...

Agricultural Policy Indicators

Palavras-chave: Global financial crisis; External shocks; Low-income countries; Medium- and long-term growth; Impulse response functions; Growth spells; Panel growth regressions; Agribusiness; O11; O19; O23; O47.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115524

Josling, Timothy E.; Valdes, Alberto.

This paper outlines a methodological approach for use by FAO to collect, analyze and monitor agricultural policy indicators (API) for developing countries. The aim is to establish a consistent and comparable set of policy indicators, allowing analysts to examine whether agriculture in particular countries is being stimulated or retarded by the set of policies employed. The API should also be useful in the context of quantitative models of policy impacts and market projections. Ideally, the indicators should function as building blocks for the more comprehensive policy measurement. This paper is presented in four parts. Part I gives an overview of the rationale for monitoring, the relationship between policy monitoring, quantitative modeling and evaluation,...

Corporate Codes of Conduct: Is Common Environmental Content Feasible?

Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Trade and development; Policy indicators; Domestic support; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q11; Q17; Q18; O10; O19.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23789

Fischer, Carolyn; Parry, Ian W.H.; Aguilar, Francisco X.; Jawahar, Puja.

In a developing country context, a policy to promote adoption of common environmental content for corporate codes of conduct (COCs) aspires to meaningful results on two fronts. First, adherence to COC provisions should offer economic benefits that exceed the costs of compliance; i.e., companies must receive a price premium, market expansion, efficiency gains, subsidized technical assistance, or some combination of these benefits in return for meeting the requirements. Second, compliance should produce significant improvements in environmental outcomes; i.e., the code must impose real requirements, and monitoring and enforcement must offer sufficient incentives to prevent evasion. With those goals in mind, we explore options for establishing common...

Unprotected Resources and Voracious World Markets

Palavras-chave: Corporate social responsibility; Codes of conduct; Environmental management; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; O19.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10889

Margolis, Michael; Shogren, Jason F..

The Theory of the Second Best implies that any country with less-than-ideal resources can lose from international trade. Recently it has been suggested this means the South (poor countries) are better off suppressing trade with the North, especially trade in natural resource products, since the North has better developed rights to protect its natural resources. Here we show that the suppression of such trade may also impede the development of property rights in the South, but that even taking this into account, trade liberalization need not improve Southern welfare. We find that within a cone of world prices on the boundary of which lies the South's autarky price vector, welfare losses still occur even when local governments in the South make optimal...

The Benefits and Costs of Proliferation of Geographical Labelling for Developing Countries

Palavras-chave: International trade; Property rights; Natural resources; Environment; Second best; Institutional change; Development; International Relations/Trade; F02; F10; F18; K11; O10; O19.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10635

Anders, Sven M.; Caswell, Julie A..

Food product attributes related to geographical origins are a topical issue in global food trade. The provision of geographical labelling may occur through geographical indications under the mandated trade rules of the TRIPS Agreement, trademarks, or country-of-origin labelling. The overall effect of the expansion of geographical labelling on developing countries depends on a complex mix of market opportunities that may yield substantial benefits as well as implementation costs. Increasingly, the analysis of this overall effect will need to evaluate the joint impacts of different forms of geographical labelling on the market position of developing countries.

Food Security in Developing Countries

Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographical labelling; International trade; TRIPS; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Marketing; F13; Q13; O19.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42130

Staatz, John M.; Boughton, Duncan; Donovan, Cynthia.

This paper provides a systematic definition of food security, focusing on its different dimensions; examines the nature and magnitude of the different dimensions of food insecurity in developing countries; discusses the difficult tradeoffs that policy makers face in trying to address food security’s multiple dimensions simultaneously; and explores promising new approaches to address food insecurity. The geographic focus is on Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where the majority of the world’s food insecure people live.