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| Nitsch, Volker. |
| This paper provides a new attempt to examine the relationship between an economy's exposure to foreign trade and its degree of urban concentration. In contrast to previous work, which is often based on rich cross-country data sets, the analysis is focused exclusively on European countries, allowing to explore reliable historical data. The results generally confirm earlier findings of a negative relationship between openness and city size for the period from 1970 to 1990, but are much weaker for other time periods and concentration measures. Therefore, it is argued that the linkage between trade policy and urban centralization is not robust. Dieses Papier untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Offenheitsgrad einer Volkswirtschaft und dem Ausmaß urbaner... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Urban Concentration; Openness; Urban Primacy; City Size; Community/Rural/Urban Development; R11; R12. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26266 |
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| Neeman, Zvika; Paserman, Daniele; Simhon, Avi. |
| We consider a neoclassical growth model with endogenous corruption. Corruption and wealth, which are co-determined in equilibrium, are shown to be negatively correlated. Richer countries tend to be less corrupt, and corrupt economies tend to be poorer. This observation gives rise to the following puzzle: If poorer countries do indeed experience higher levels of corruption, and if indeed as suggested by a number of empirical studies corruption hampers growth, then how did rich countries, who were poor once, become rich? Our answer is simple. In the past, economies were mostly "closed" in the sense that it was difficult to transfer illicit money outside of the economy. In contrast, today's economies are mostly open. In the relatively closed economies... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Corruption; Growth; Openness; International Development; F2; H0; O1; O4. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14977 |
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| Isaac, Grant E.. |
| Trade policy once a subset of foreign policy far removed from domestic concern, focused squarely on border issues and subject to the rules of international diplomacy is now a central concern on the public policy agenda as trade issues have become increasingly entwined with traditionally domestic policy issues. Consequently, demands have been made for more openness in trade policy formation and, in response, many governments have undertaken openness initiatives. Despite these developments there has been only a little research into the increased openness of trade policy processes in general and no research aimed at developing a consistent framework for categorizing various openness initiatives and permitting a meaningful comparison of initiatives between... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Openness; Openness framework; Trade policy; Transparency; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23816 |
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| Zuo, Mi; Feng, Gong. |
| First, this paper establishes the conceptual model of circular agriculture, conducts systematic analysis on the circular agriculture on the basis of conceptual model, and discusses the characteristics of closeness and openness of circular agriculture and relationship between closeness and openness of circular agriculture. Second, this paper introduces the industrial diversity related to circular agriculture, defines the concept of industry and the concept of industries related to agriculture, and illustrates the related industries that are conducive to circular agriculture and the related industries that are not conducive to circular agriculture. Finally, this paper analyzes the mutual relationship between circular agriculture and industrial diversity as... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Circular agriculture; Circular material; Industrial diversity; Closeness; Openness; China; Agribusiness. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118219 |
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