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| Rao, Elizaphan J.O.; Qaim, Matin. |
| Expansion of supermarkets in developing countries is increasingly providing opportunities for farmers to participate in modern supply chains. While some farmers are excluded by stringent supermarket requirements, there are important gains for participating farmers. However, studies analyzing income effects of high-value chains use approaches that either show no causality or ignore structural differences between farmers in different channels. Using endogenous switching regression and data from a survey of vegetable growers in Kenya, we account for systematic differences and show that participation in supermarket chains yields 50% gain in household income leading to 33% reduction in poverty. Supermarket expansion is therefore likely to have substantial... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Supermarkets; Per capita income; Sample selection; Endogenous switching regression; Kenya; Africa; Agribusiness; Food Security and Poverty. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95771 |
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| Coon, Randal C.; Leistritz, F. Larry. |
| As North Dakota has shifted from its traditional dependence on natural resource-based activities to a more diversified economy, changes in employment, population, income, and retail sales have occurred. This report summarizes changes in these and other economic indicators at the county and community level from 1980 to 2004. Employment increased 12 percent from 1990 to 2004, with 19 of the state's 53 counties registering job growth. The largest percentage (and absolute) gains were in Cass (Fargo) and Burleigh (Bismarck) counties. Population statewide decreased by less than 1 percent from 1990 to 2004, as substantial growth in the Fargo and Bismarck-Mandan metropolitan areas was offset by population decreases in most of the state's rural counties. Per... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Employment; Population; Per capita income; Retail sales; Pull factors; Community/Rural/Urban Development. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23094 |
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