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Consumer, Manufacturer and Retailer Responses to Health Price Policies: the example of EU Sugar Price Reform on the Soft Drink Market AgEcon
Bonnet, Céline; Requillart, Vincent.
Healthier food diet is likely to prevent numerous non communicable diseases. Then there is a growing interest in evaluating the impact of food price taxation on food consumption. However, strategic reactions of both manufacturers and retailers are missing in empirical analyses. Rather, passive pricing is assumed. Ignoring strategic pricing might lead to under-estimate or over-estimate the impact of food taxation. Based on the example of the soft drink industry, we analyse the bias which is introduced when assuming passive pricing. Using structural econometric model, we first estimate models of vertical relationships between the beverage industry and the retail industry. After selecting the ’best’ model of vertical relationships, we then simulate different...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Vertical contracts; Two part tariffs; Competition; Manufacturers; Private labels; Retailers; Differentiated products; Soft drinks; Non nested tests; Sugar CMO; Passthrough; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108788
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IS THE EU SUGAR POLICY REFORM LIKELY TO INCREASE OBESITY? AgEcon
Bonnet, Céline; Requillart, Vincent.
National Health authorities recommend a decrease in the consumption of ’added’ sugar. At the same moment, a reform of the Common Organisation of the Sugar Market will lead to a decrease by more than 30% of the sugar price in the EU. Using the example of the soft drink industry, this paper investigates the impact of that reform on the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. Because the soft drink industry as well as the retail industry are both highly concentrated, using structural econometrics model, we first estimate models of vertical relationships between the beverage industry and the retail industry. After selecting the ’best’ model of vertical relationships, we then simulate the impact of the decrease in sugar price on prices and consumption for...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Vertical contracts; Two part tariffs; Competition; Manufacturers; Private labels; Retailers; Differentiated products; Soft drinks; Non nested tests; Sugar CMO; Passthrough; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116414
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The Use of Brands in Food Marketing - Results from a Survey of Danish Food Industry Firms AgEcon
Baltzer, Kenneth; Baker, Derek; Moller, Anja S..
The paper tests a number of hypotheses concerning branding behaviour of the food industry found in the literature. Based on a survey of 109 Danish food industry firms conducted in 2004, three aspects of branding strategies are analysed, i) the number of brands owned by the firm, ii) the number of brands introduced by the firm during the past year and iii) the percentage of sales obtained from production under private labels. Firms' branding behaviour is related to structural variables including firm size, degree of vertical integration, value added as well as firms' views on food chain organisation and competitiveness.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Brands; Private labels; Food industry; Survey; Marketing; Q13.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24658
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Share, Price and Category Expenditure -- Geographic Market Effects and Private Labels AgEcon
Putsis, William P., Jr.; Cotterill, Ronald W..
Focusing on the interaction between national brands and private labels, this paper has two main empirical contributions: i) a simultaneous system of demand (share), price and expenditure equations is estimated, and ii) differences in the structure of the local geographic market are incorporated into the analysis. The former represents an important step in understanding the complete nature of private label and national brand interaction, while the latter is important for understanding the impact of the local retail environment on market behavior. IRI scanner data from 1991 and 1992 are used to estimate the three-equation system across 135 food product categories and 59 geographic markets. The results suggest that concentration at both the manufacturer and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Competition; Private labels; Industrial organization; Demand and Price Analysis; Industrial Organization; Marketing.
Ano: 2000 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25166
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Do private labels generate customer loyalty in food retailing? AgEcon
Wettstein, Nadine; Brosig, Stephan; Glauben, Thomas; Hanf, Jon Henrich; Loy, Jens-Peter.
The increase of private labels in food retailing and retailers' high expenditures for establishing them raise one central question: Do consumers really consider private labels as "real" brands and develop loyalty towards them. We analyse a four year panel data set on frozen pizza purchases to study differences in consumers' repurchasing behaviour between two strong national brands and private labels. In sum, our results show significant differences. However, the observable repurchase behaviour can not fully reflect the attitudinal component of brand loyalty. So subsequently, we present potential approaches to identify the underlying attitudinal component.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Food retailing; Private labels; Brand loyalty; Panel data; Hazard analysis; Consumer/Household Economics; Marketing.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53265
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On the Competitive Interaction Between Private Label and Branded Grocery Products AgEcon
Cotterill, Ronald W.; Dhar, Ravi; Putsis, William P., Jr..
Recent research in marketing has focused on cross-category variation in the market share of private label products, while recent work in the economics and industrial organization literature has focused on the determinants of firm price setting behavior. In this paper, the authors develop a framework for estimating market share and price reaction equations simultaneously in an attempt to understand the nature of competitive interaction in the market for private label and branded grocery products. Empirical findings support the author's premise that consumer response to price and promotion decisions (demand) and the factors influencing firm pricing behavior (supply) jointly determine observed market prices and market shares. More specifically, the authors...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Private labels; Pricing; Competitive strategy; Promotion; Demand and Price Analysis; Marketing.
Ano: 1996 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25191
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NEW DIRECTIONS IN GLOBAL FOOD MARKETS AgEcon
Although consumer diets are being upgraded globally, food purchase patterns vary across countries based on income levels. Developing countries are registering rapid increases in retail sales of high-value foods, while developed countries are seeing a rise in sales of products that meet consumer demands for variety, food safety, and quality. To meet these increasingly varied needs, multinational food retailers and manufacturers are expanding their presence in developing countries, and food retailers and suppliers are adding value and differentiating their products in developed countries. The ongoing changes are driving food supply chains to adopt closer coordination between producers and retailers to facilitate customizing products to meet consumer demands....
Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: Global food markets; Retail market; Supply chains; High-value foods; Food manufacturers; Private labels; Industry concentration; Agribusiness; Industrial Organization.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33751
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Testing the Theory: Vertical Strategic Interaction and Demand Functional Form AgEcon
Cotterill, Ronald W.; Putsis, William P., Jr..
Formulating theoretical models inevitably requires various simplifications that assist in making analysis tractable and that facilitate deriving closed form solutions. While the strategic insights gained from theoretical models of market phenomena are often quite valuable, testing the theoretical assumptions made in these models can aid in assessing the broader applicability of the conclusions drawn. This is particularly true in the channels area, where the focus of research to date has largely been theoretical in nature. In an initial attempt to examine some of the assumptions made in previous theoretical research (e.g., Jeuland and Shugan 1983, McGuire and Staelin 1983, Choi 1991, Raju, Sethuraman and Dhar 1995), we focus on a limited set of issues....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Pricing; Channels; Private labels; Competitive strategy; Demand and Price Analysis; Industrial Organization.
Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25211
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PRIVATE LABELS: A MECHANISM FOR FULFILLING CONSUMER DEMAND FOR HEALTHY FOOD? AgEcon
Weaver, Robert D.; Moon, Yongma.
As consumer preferences rapidly evolve with respect to health-related attributes of food, many have questioned the performance of the conventional food industry to fulfill new demand. As the structure of the industry has shifted toward conditions where retailers have access to and incentive to respond to rapidly changing information concerning consumer preferences, it is relevant to consider the conditions under which retailers will offer private labeled healthy food products not available from national brand manufacturers. This paper presents a theory of the dynamic, stochastic decision of retailers to offer private label products that are close substitutes to national brands. Within the context of salient features of healthy foods, we examine the role of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Private labels; Store brands; Health claims; Functional food; Real options; Product cannibalization; Food choice; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116397
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THE IMPORTANCE OF BRAND NAME AND QUALITY IN THE RETAIL FOOD INDUSTRY AgEcon
Apelbaum, Eidan.
This paper analyzes the role of brand name recognition and product quality on the competition between national brands and private labels in the retail food industry. Theoretical and empirical evidence is provided to show that both marketing tools play a significant role, but in quite different ways. Quality improvements by one firm will intensify the competition; one firm will gain at the expense of its competitor. Whereas, increasing brand name recognition relaxes the competition, and both firms can gain.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Private labels; Brand name; Quality; Consumer/Household Economics; Marketing.
Ano: 1999 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21497
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Evaluating the Performance of U.S. Supermarkets: Pricing Strategies, Competition from Hypermarkets, and Private Labels AgEcon
Volpe, Richard J., III.
This study draws upon literature from the fields of agricultural economics, industrial organization, and business to study the performance of supermarkets in the United States. The empirical work draws from a rich dataset on the characteristics of supermarkets across the U.S. to test several hypotheses. Supermarkets utilizing everyday low pricing operate more efficiently than those using other strategies. Stores increase their performance by using strategies of their closest competitors. Competition with hypermarkets results in decreased supermarket performance, especially for smaller stores. Increases in private label sales relative to national brand sales are not necessarily related to increased performance.
Tipo: Article Palavras-chave: Food retail; Market power; Pricing strategies; Hypermarkets; Private labels; Supermarkets; Demand and Price Analysis; Industrial Organization; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Marketing.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119159
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Assessing the Competitive Interaction Between Private Labels and National Brands AgEcon
Cotterill, Ronald W.; Putsis, William P., Jr.; Dhar, Ravi.
In contrast to single-equation cross-sectional studies of private label share, developing a complete understanding of the nature of the competitive interaction between national brands and private labels requires an understanding of the determinants of both demand and strategic pricing decisions by firms. Consequently, we estimate a simultaneous system of share and price for private labels and national brands. From the empirical results, two measures of market response are derived. The unilateral demand elasticity measures the pure “own” demand response, while the residual (or “total”) elasticity also captures the impact of competitive price reaction (Baker and Bresnahan 1985). When taken together, these provide important strategic insights into the pricing...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Competition; Competitive strategy; Private labels; Pricing; Demand and Price Analysis.
Ano: 1999 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25177
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Private Labels: A Sign of Changing Times AgEcon
Haas, Rainer; Weaver, Robert D..
A widely held view is that a dramatic shift is well underway in the structure of food system. First noticed at the farm level, contracting between retailers and fruit and vegetable growers for specific quality attributes signaled a shift from commodity style markets to relational transactions managed by retail grocers operating on massive spatial scales. By contracting directly with suppliers, retailers found they could more efficiently procure and manage characteristics of products and transactions that affect their performance. Similar contracting between meat processors and growers emerged in animal production. As a result of this shift, retailers define product specifications and contract their production. This new organizational form constitutes a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Private labels; Store brands; Pull innovation; Consumer‐orientation; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Farm Management; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100586
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Ist Geiz wirklich geil? Preis-Qualitäts-Relationen von Hersteller- und Handelsmarken im Lebensmittelmarkt AgEcon
Schulze, Holger; Spiller, Achim; Bohm, Justus; de Witte, Thomas.
Studies which analyze price-quality relations in the consumer goods market are mainly more than ten years old and deal marginally with food products. In this survey, the sceptical findings are confirmed with a special focus on the food market. The results show that food quality, risk avoidance and increase in quality benefits are not determined by price levels. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that private labels in general – and the private labels of the discounter in particular – have a better price-quality ratio than manufacturer brands and private labels of supermarkets and hypermarkets.
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Price-quality relations; Food market; Empirical analysis; Private labels; Discounter; Agribusiness; Demand and Price Analysis; Marketing.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97700
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Consolidated Markets, Brand Competition, and Orange Juice Prices AgEcon
Binkley, James K.; Canning, Patrick N.; Dooley, Ryan; Eales, James S..
This paper examines how consolidation in the marketing system affects prices for orange juice. We isolated the pricing behavior of brand marketers, wholesalers, and retailers by observing the retail prices for specific orange juice products, including leading national brands and private label brands, in 54 U.S. markets over a 1-year period. The data provided little compelling evidence that consolidated markets engaged in non-competitive pricing behavior. Increased brand competition, particularly between private labels and leading national brands, did, however, appear to lower average market prices.
Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: Consumer demographics; National brands; Orange juice; Price behavior; Private labels; Wholesaler concentration; Retailer concentration; Demand and Price Analysis; Industrial Organization.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33659
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Wal-Mart, Private Labels, and Supermarket Milk Prices AgEcon
Cleary, Rebecca; Chavas, Jean-Paul.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Wal-Mart; Private labels; Strategic reactions; Agricultural and Food Policy; Demand and Price Analysis.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61060
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Market Share and Price Setting Behavior For Private Labels and National Brands AgEcon
Cotterill, Ronald W.; Putsis, William P., Jr.; Dhar, Ravi.
In this paper, we develop a framework for estimating market share and price reaction equations in an attempt to understand the nature of competitive interaction in the market for private label and branded grocery products. Specifically, we employ a Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS, Deaton and Muellbauer 1980a), and specify the price reaction equations derived under the LA/AIDS demand specification. This enables us to consistently estimate shareprice relationships, accounting for demand-side and competitive reactions simultaneously. The incorporation of LA/AIDS demands into a structural equation framework represents an important departure from previous demand specifications in competitive analysis. In addition to its rigorous...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Competition; Competitive strategy; Private labels; Pricing; Demand and Price Analysis; Industrial Organization.
Ano: 2000 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25209
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Confirming the Price Effects of Private Labels Development AgEcon
Bontemps, Christophe; Orozco, Valerie; Requillart, Vincent.
We study the price response of national brands to the development of private labels. We use monthly data from a consumer survey reporting their purchases for 218 food products. We show that when private labels have a significant effect on national brands prices (144 cases over 218), that is positive (89%). We also show that the increase in the prices of national brand products is explained by a strategy of product differentiation. Finally, price reaction of national brands differs with the type of private labels they are facing. This paper confirms, on a larger number of products, previous empirical results.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Private labels; Pricing; Empirical models; Food products; L81; Q13; D40; Demand and Price Analysis.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24735
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Spatial Competition and Private Labels AgEcon
Richards, Timothy J.; Hamilton, Stephen F.; Patterson, Paul M..
Private labels, also known as store brands, are an important component of competitive strategy among multi-product retailers, as they can increase retailers’ power over suppliers in the vertical channel or facilitate horizontal differentiation among retailers. This paper seeks to identify the relative importance of each role, conditional on the location of both private labels and national brands of ice cream in attribute space. We find that retailers’ share of the total margin (retail price less production cost) is higher for private labels than national brands when retailers choose to imitate national brands with their own offerings.
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Multi-product oligopoly; Nested logit; Private labels; Retailing; Spatial modeling; Industrial Organization.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93207
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Do Private Labels Generate Loyalty? Empirical Evidence for German Frozen Pizza AgEcon
Wettstein, Nadine; Brosig, Stephan; Glauben, Thomas; Hanf, Jon Henrich; Loy, Jens-Peter.
www.ifama.org
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Food retailing; Private labels; Brand loyalty; Panel data; Hazard analysis; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Marketing.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92572
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