SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Zhang, ZhongXiang.

The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods...

Muddling Through while Environmental Regulatory Capacity Evolves: What Role for Voluntary Agreements?

Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Doha Round; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94735

Blackman, Allen; Sisto, Nicholas.

The city of Leon, Guanajuato, is Mexico's leather goods capital and a notorious environmental hotspot. Over the past two decades, four high-profile voluntary agreements aimed at controlling pollution from Leon's tanneries have yielded few concrete results. To understand why, this paper reconstructs the history of these initiatives, along with that of local environmental regulatory capacity. Juxtaposing these two timelines suggests that the voluntary pollution control agreements were both motivated by-and undermined by-gaps in the legal, institutional, physical, and civic infrastructures needed to make regulation effective. Our analysis offers a concrete definition of environmental regulatory capacity, provides insights into how it evolves, and demonstrates...

Effects of Poverty on Deforestation: Distinguishing Behavior from Location

Palavras-chave: Environment; Voluntary agreement; Regulatory capacity; Latin America; Mexico; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q53; Q56; Q58; O13; O54.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10570

Kerr, Suzi; Pfaff, Alexander S.P.; Cavatassi, Romina; Davis, Benjamin; Lipper, Leslie; Sanchez, Arturo; Timmins, Jason.

We summarize existing theoretical claims linking poverty to rates of deforestation and then examine this linkage empirically for Costa Rica during the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses the irreversibilities in deforestation. Our data facilitate an empirical analysis of the implications for deforestation of where the poor live. Without controlling for this, impacts of poverty per se are confounded by richer areas being different from the areas inhabited by the poor, who we expect to find on more marginal lands, for instance less profitable lands. Controlling for locations' characteristics, we find that poorer areas are cleared more rapidly. This result suggests that poverty reduction aids forest conservation.

Assessing the potential for a payments for environmental services system in The Fond D'or Watershed, St. Lucia

Palavras-chave: Land Use; Deforestation; Poverty; Climate Change; Development; Costa Rica.; Food Security and Poverty; I32; O13; Q51; Q54; Q56.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23792

Pantin, Dennis; Ramjattan, Donna.

Bridgetown, Barbados 6th – 10th July, 2009

Tipo: Presentation

Palavras-chave: St. Lucia; Payment for Agricultural Services; Watershed Services; Agribusiness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q13; Q51; Q56; Q57.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122659

Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?

Zhang, ZhongXiang.

The climate-trade nexus gains increasing attention as governments are taking great efforts to forge a post-2012 climate change regime to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. This raises the issues of the scope of trade-related measures and of when and how they could be used. This paper discusses how far trade-related measures should be incorporated in that context. Drawing on an analogy to the Montreal Protocol and comparing developing country’s climate mitigation and adaptation needs with the funding available, the paper argues that such measures should initially be applied only among Annex I or II countries. To discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level, the paper emphasizes a need to define comparable climate efforts. Moreover,...

Adaptation Can Help Mitigation: An Integrated Approach to Post-2012 Climate Policy

Palavras-chave: Post-2012 climate negotiations; Trade-related measures; Lieberman-Warner bill; WTO; Montreal Protocol; Developing countries; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54359

Bosello, Francesco; Carraro, Carlo; De Cian, Enrica.

The latest round of international negotiations in Copenhagen led to a set of commitments on emission reductions which are unlikely to stabilise global warming below or around 2°C. As a consequence, in the absence of additional ambitious policy measures, adaptation will be needed to address climate-related damages. What is the role of adaptation in this setting? How is it optimally allocated across regions and time? To address these questions, this paper analyses the optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation expenditures in a cost-effective setting in which countries cooperate to achieve a long-term stabilisation target (550 CO2-eq). It uses an Integrated Assessment Model (AD-WITCH) that describes the relationships between different adaptation modes...

Modeling International Trends in Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emissions

Palavras-chave: Climate Change Impacts; Mitigation; Adaptation; Integrated Assessment Model; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q54; Q56; Q43.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116907

Time-separable Utility, Leisure and Human Capital Accumulation: What New Implications for the Environment-Growth Nexus?

Stern, David I..

This study uses a stochastic production frontier to model energy efficiency trends, in 85 countries over a 37 year period. No structure is imposed on technological change over time, although differences in technology level across the countries are modelled as a stochastic function of explanatory variables. These variables are selected by a literature survey and a theoretical model of energy-efficient technology choice. An improvement in a country’s energy efficiency is measured as a reduction in energy intensity, while holding constant that economy’s mix of inputs and outputs. All other things remaining constant, the country using the least energy per unit output is on the global best-practice frontier. The model is used to derive decompositions of...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Energy; Efficiency; Carbon; Emissions; Technological change; Between estimator; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; O33; O47; Q43; Q54; Q55; Q56.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94950

Pautrel, Xavier.

Using a time-separable utility function where leisure is introduced through the disutility of working time and is adjusted for quality, as measured by human capital to capture home production, we demonstrate that the environmental policy is harmful for growth. A tighter environmental tax reduces the incentives to educate by increasing leisure time and lowers the steady-state growth rate and lifetime welfare, whatever the source of pollution. We also demonstrate that the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in labor supply plays a crucial role in the marginal impact of the environmental tax on growth and welfare. When the positive influence of human capital is added into preferences (by explicitly modelling the home production sector), we find that the...

Waste Generation, Incineration and Landfill Diversion. De-coupling Trends, Socio-Economic Drivers and Policy Effectiveness in the EU

Palavras-chave: Leisure; Human Capital; Environmental Tax; Labor and Human Capital; C; Q56.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55331

Mazzanti, Massimiliano; Zoboli, Roberto.

Waste generation and waste disposal are issues that are becoming increasingly prominent in the environmental arena both from a policy perspective and in the context of delinking analysis. Waste generation is still increasing proportionally with income, and economic and environmental costs associated to landfilling are also increasing. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of waste generation, incineration, recycling and landfill dynamics based on panel data for the EU25, to assess the effects of different drivers (economic, structural, policy) and the eventual differences between western and eastern EU countries. We show that for waste generation there is still no Waste Kuznets Curve (WKC) trend, although elasticity to income drivers appear lower...

Valoração contingente da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) São José – MG: um estudo de caso

Palavras-chave: Waste Kuznets Curves; Delinking; Waste Generation; Waste Disposal; Landfilling; Landfill Policies; Evaluation Methodology; Incineration; Environmental Economics and Policy; C23; Q38; Q56.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46651

Cirino, Jader Fernandes; Lima, Joao Eustaquio de.

The São José Environmental Protection Area (EPA) in the State of Minas Gerais has a rich natural and historical patrimony. However, in spite of its value and of being a protection area since 1981, it has now suffering several degradations. In that sense, the major objective of this work is to value São José EPA with the purpose of supplying subsidies for the elaboration and attainment of public and private projects of preservation or sustainable exploration of the referred asset, as well as for public policy directed to its administration. As valuation method, it was used the contingent valuation through the approach of Hanemann (1984) and the bootstrapping method to obtain a monthly willingness-to-pay (WTP) per family of the municipal districts that...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: São José EPA; Contingent valuation; Environmental valuation; Willingness-to-pay.; Agribusiness; Q; Q5; Q56.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61229

Factor-Augmenting Technical Change: An Empirical Assessment

De Cian, Enrica.

Starting from a system of factor demands, an empirical model that allows estimating factor-augmenting technical change is derived. Factor-augmenting technical change is defined as the improvement in factor productivities that can occur either exogenously or endogenously, with changes in other macroeconomic variables. This paper provides additional estimates for the substitution possibilities among inputs and it offers new empirical evidence on the direction and sources of factor-augmenting technical change, an issue that has not yet been explored by the empirical literature on growth determinants. The empirical findings suggest that technical change is directed. Technical change tends to be more energy-saving than capital- and labour-saving. Both R&D...

The Potential Economic and Environmental Costs of GHG Mitigation Measures for Cattle Sectors in Northern Ireland

Palavras-chave: Factor-Augmenting Technical Change; Technology Spillovers; Panel Data; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; C3; O47; Q55; Q56.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50403

Minihan, Erin S.; Wu, Ziping.

National greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy can benefit from information on the technical and economic viability of abatement options. The life-cycle-analysis (LCA) and marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) approaches provide a good, although partial, indication for the potential of existing technologies to mitigate GHG emissions. The input-output (IO) approach has advantages in capturing the indirect impacts of technology adoption from shifts in economic structure and linkages between sectors. It is therefore ideal to develop an integrated approach to more accurately assess the overall economic and environmental impacts of climate policy. In this study, we aim to develop such an approach that extends the assessment of viability to include indirect...

Quantifizierung „gesellschaftlich gewünschter, nicht marktgängiger Leistungen“ der Landwirtschaft

Palavras-chave: GHG mitigation; IO analysis; Technical cost; Northern Ireland; Agricultural and Food Policy; Livestock Production/Industries; C67; Q52; Q56; Q58.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108779

Plankl, Reiner; Weingarten, Peter; Nieberg, Hiltrud; Zimmer, Yelto; Isermeyer, Folkhard; Krug, Janina; Haxsen, Gerhard.

Zusammenfassung: In den Diskussionen über die Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik nach 2013 nimmt die Honorierung nicht marktgängiger gesellschaftlicher Leistungen der Landwirtschaft eine zentrale Rolle ein. Unterschiedliche Ansichten bestehen darüber, was unter diesen Leistungen genau zu verstehen ist und wie sie quantifiziert und monetarisiert werden können. Die hierzu durchgeführte Auswertung von rund 80 Studien zeigt einerseits, dass in der Bevölkerung eine generelle Zahlungsbereitschaft für solche Leistungen besteht, und andererseits, dass die ausgewerteten Fallstudien nicht auf Deutschland hochgerechnet werden können. Die Leistung „Offenhaltung der Landschaft“ verursacht - wenn sie nicht als Koppelprodukt unentgeltlich anfällt - Kosten, deren Höhe in starkem...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Gesellschaftliche Leistungen der Landwirtschaft; Koppelprodukte; Zahlungsbereitschaft; Offenhaltung der Landschaft; Kosten für Umweltregulierung; Public goods provided by agriculture; By-product; Willingness to pay; Open landscape; Environmental regulation cost; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Q01; Q51; Q56; Q57.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103256

La Zone Méditerranéenne Face à la Pollution de L’air : Une Investigation Econométrique

Sebri, Maamar.

La dépollution de la Méditerranée constitue l’un des principaux chapitres portés par la coopération entre les deux rives nord et sud dans le cadre de l’Union Pour la Méditerranée (UPM). L’objectif de ce papier est d’examiner la relation existante entre l’évolution des émissions du dioxyde carbone (CO2) et la croissance économique dans les pays membres de l’UPM. Cette relation est décrite par la Courbe Environnementale de Kuznets (CEK) qui postule une relation en U inversé entre la dégradation de l’environnement et la croissance économique. Le choix de la spécification économétrique et le problème des variables omises figurent parmi les controverses révélées autour de la CEK. Dans un premier temps, ce papier vise à sélectionner un modèle parmi trois...

Panel Data Evidence on the Determinants of Non-Timber Forest Products Extraction: The Case of Xate in Mexico

Palavras-chave: Union Pour la Méditerranée; Emissions de CO2; Courbe Environnementale de Kuznets; Libre-échange; Données de panel; Tests d’hypothèse non emboîtée.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q56; C12; C23..

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/112751

Lopez-Feldman, Alejandro.

This paper examines the determinants behind households' decisions regarding non-timber forest products extraction. Data from Mexico is used to estimate a selection model. Results show that individuals with low levels of human capital are more likely to extract than other individuals; the same is true for individuals from poor households.

Trade, Technique and Composition Effects: What is Behind the Fall in World-Wide SO2 Emissions 1990-2000?

Palavras-chave: Non-timber forest products; Natural resource extraction; Chamaedorea; Mexico; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q21; Q56; D13.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19410

Grether, Jean-Marie; Mathys, Nicole A.; de Melo, Jaime.

Replaced with revised version of paper 10/18/07.

La Valutazione dei Servizi Ecosistemici. Proposta per un Approccio Termoeconomico

Palavras-chave: Trade; Growth; Environment; Decomposition; Embodied Emissions in Trade; Transport; International Relations/Trade; F11; Q56.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7448

Modeling Willingness to Pay for Land Conservation Easements: Treatment of Zero and Protest Bids and Application and Policy Implications

Longhitano, Davide.

The main objective of this communication is to review the theoretical ecosystem and agroecosystem services assessment’s methods and to propose a thermoeconomic approach. The logic of thermoeconomic approach consists in analysing the use of natural resources during the production process, interpreting it as a thermodynamic conversion in order to assess the overall specific energy consumption of the systemic components arriving at estimates of fluxes and energy costs. This study analyses comparatively the main thermoeconomic-based approaches to verify the feasibility of the "energy value" as an appraisal criterion of agroecosystem services. In particularly among the reviewed approaches the Emergy synthesis seems the most appropriate tool to be empirically...

Tipo: Presentation

Palavras-chave: Thermoeconomic approach; Agroecosystem services; Exergy; Emergy; Environmental accounting; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q56; Q57.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124123

Cho, Seong-Hoon; Yen, Steven T.; Bowker, James Michael; Newman, David H..

This study compares an ordered probit model and a Tobit model with selection to take into account both true zero and protest zero bids while estimating the willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation easements in Macon County, NC. By comparing the two models, the ordered/unordered selection issue of the protest responses is analyzed to demonstrate how the treatment of protest responses can significantly influence WTP models. Both models consistently show that income and knowledge are positive and significant factors, while distance to poorer quality streams and duration of residency are negative and significant factors on WTP.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Censored dependent variable; Conservation easement; Protest bid; Sample selection; WTP; Agribusiness; Land Economics/Use; Political Economy; 25; 42; Q56.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45524

Production Effects of Agri-environmental "Green Box" Payments: Empirical Results from the EU

Salhofer, Klaus; Streicher, Gerhard.

Agri-environmental programs are part of the green box of the GATT Uruguay Round and are supposed to "have no, or at most minimal trade distorting effects or effects on production." In addition, "the amount of payment shall be limited to the extra costs or loss of income involved in complying with the government programme." Utilizing farm accounting data we estimate the effects on yields for ten agri-environmental programs in Austria, which account for 12% of EU's budget expenditures for agri-environmental programs. Only three out of these ten programs have significant negative effects on yields, while one program has a significant positive impact and the rest has no significant impact. These results suggest that there are serious windfall profits...

Differential Influence of Relative Poverty on Preferences for Ecosystem Services: Evidence from Rural Indonesia

Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental programs; Green box; WTO; Common Agricultural Policy; Decoupling; Environmental Economics and Policy; F16; Q56.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24494

Glenk, Klaus; Barkmann, Jan; Schwarze, Stefan; Zeller, Manfred; Marggraf, Rainer.

Ecosystem services generate benefits that enter human consumption either directly or indirectly via their contribution to human production activities. In this contribution, we provide evidence that (i) the demand of peasants for ecosystem services in rural Indonesia depends on relative poverty; and that (ii) the type of reaction to poverty depends on the specific relation of the ecosystem services to peasant production and consumption. In early 2005 a representative choice experiment study was conducted in the Lore Lindu area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, to quantify regional economic preferences (marginal willingessto- pay: MWTP) for four different ecosystem services (n=249; rattan and water availability, shading in cacao agroforestry, population size...