|
|
|
| Registros recuperados: 15 | |
|
|
| Parry, Ian W.H.; Small, Kenneth A.. |
| This paper develops an analytical framework for assessing the second-best optimal level of gasoline taxation taking into account unpriced pollution, congestion, and accident externalities, and interactions with the broader fiscal system. We provide calculations of the optimal taxes for the US and the UK under a wide variety of parameter scenarios, with the gasoline tax substituting for a distorting tax on labor income. Under our central parameter values, the second-best optimal gasoline tax is $1.01/gal for the US and $1.34/gal for the UK. These values are moderately sensitive to alternative parameter assumptions. The congestion externality is the largest component in both nations, and the higher optimal tax for the UK is due mainly to a higher assumed... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Gasoline tax; Pollution; Congestion; Accidents; Fiscal interactions; Public Economics; H21; H23; R48. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10461 |
| |
|
|
| Parry, Ian W.H.. |
| It is widely perceived that projected public spending on transportation infrastructure in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area for the next 20 years will not be enough to halt, let alone reverse, the trend of increasing traffic congestion. Consequently, there has been much debate about how additional sources of local revenues might be raised to finance more transportation spending. This paper develops and implements an analytical framework for estimating the efficiency costs of raising $500 million per annum in local revenue from five possible sources. These sources are increasing labor taxes, property taxes, gasoline taxes, transit fares, and implementing congestion taxes. Our model incorporates congestion and pollution externalities, and it allows for... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Transportation; Taxes; Washington DC; Welfare cost; Public Economics; R48; H21; H23. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10552 |
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Portney, Paul R.; Parry, Ian W.H.; Gruenspecht, Howard K.; Harrington, Winston. |
| This paper discusses several rationales for the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program, including reduced oil dependence, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and the possibility that fuel saving benefits from higher standards might exceed added vehicle costs. We then summarize what can be said about the welfare effects of tightening standards, accounting for prior fuel taxes, and perverse effects on congestion and traffic accidents through the impact of improved fuel economy on the incentive to drive. Implications of CAFE on local air pollution, and the controversy over CAFE, vehicle weight, and road safety, are also discussed. Finally, we describe ways in which the existing CAFE program could be substantially improved and identify a variety of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Fuel economy; Externalities; Oil dependency; Vehicle safety; Climate change; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; R48; Q48; H23. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10863 |
| |
|
|
| Parry, Ian W.H.. |
| Gasoline taxes are widely perceived as the most efficient instrument for reducing gasoline consumption because they exploit all behavioral responses for reducing fuel use, including reduced driving and improved fuel economy. At present, however, higher fuel taxes are viewed as a political nonstarter. Pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) auto insurance, which involves replacing existing lump-sum premiums with premiums that vary in proportion to miles driven, should be more practical, since they do not raise driving costs for the average motorist. We show that when impacts on a broad range of motor vehicle externalities are considered, PAYD also induces significantly higher welfare gains than comparable gasoline tax increases, for fuel reductions below 9%. The reason is... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Gasoline tax; Pay-as-you-drive insurance; Mileage tax; Welfare effects; Motor vehicle externality; Risk and Uncertainty; H21; H23; R48. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10465 |
| |
|
|
| Harrington, Winston; McConnell, Virginia D.. |
| This paper examines the current assignment of liability for in-use vehicle emissions and suggests some alternative policies that may reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness. We first discuss the cost, performance and incentives under current Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs, using the recently implemented Arizona "Enhanced I/M" program as an example. These programs were designed to identify and repair vehicles with malfunctioning emission control systems. Since their inception, however, I/M programs have been plagued by transaction costs that have drastically raised the cost of I/M as well as limited its effectiveness. These transaction costs fall into three categories: emission monitoring, repair avoidance, and non-transferability of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Mobile sources; Emissions; Coase; Liability; I/M; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; R48. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10911 |
| |
|
|
| Safirova, Elena; Gillingham, Kenneth. |
| In determining the marginal cost of congestion, economists have traditionally relied upon directly measuring traffic congestion on network links, disregarding any "network effects," since the latter are difficult to estimate. While for simple networks the comparison can be done within a theoretical framework, it is important to know whether such network effects in real large-scale networks are quantitatively significant. In this paper we use a strategic transportation planning model (START) to compare marginal congestion costs computed link-by-link with measures taking into account network effects. We find that while in aggregate network effects are not significant, congestion measured on a single link is a poor predictor of total congestion costs imposed... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Marginal congestion costs; Congestion pricing; Urban networks; Public Economics; R41; R48. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10675 |
| |
|
|
| Parry, Ian W.H.; Fischer, Carolyn; Harrington, Winston. |
| This paper develops analytical models to estimate the welfare effects of higher Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards on new passenger vehicles. The analysis incorporates a broad range of fuel-and-driving-related externalities, fuel taxes, different assumptions concerning consumers' valuation of fuel saving technologies and their alternative value in enhancing other vehicle attributes, and endogenous vehicle fleet composition. To implement the analysis, we develop estimates of CAFE's impact on local pollution, nationwide congestion, and traffic accidents. We find that higher fuel economy standards can produce anything from moderate welfare gains, to very little or no effect, to substantial welfare losses, depending on how consumers value fuel... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Fuel economy standards; Oil dependency; Carbon emissions; Rebound effect; Gasoline tax; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; R48; Q48; H23. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10605 |
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Parry, Ian W.H.. |
| This paper derives and implements formulas for the welfare effects of differentiated and uniform mileage taxes, gasoline taxes, and per mile insurance premiums, for reducing the external costs of passenger vehicle accidents. The model distinguishes three driver groups and five vehicle groups, and we obtain estimates of external accident costs per mile for each group from crash data. The (average) external accident cost is estimated at 2.2-6.6 cents per mile. Accidents costs differ substantially across drivers of different ages, but only moderately across different vehicles groups. Annual welfare gains from a mileage tax differentiated across drivers and vehicles according to marginal external costs are $9.4 billion in the benchmark case. The uniform... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Traffic accidents; External costs; Pricing policies; Insurance reform; Public Economics; R48; H22; H23. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10674 |
| |
|
|
| Ando, Amy Whritenour; McConnell, Virginia D.; Harrington, Winston. |
| The Arizona I/M program provides one of the first opportunities to examine the costs and effectiveness of vehicle emission repair. This paper examines various aspects of emission reductions, fuel economy improvements, and costs of repair, drawing data from over 80,000 vehicles failing the I/M test in Arizona between 1995 and the first half of 1996. We summarize the wealth of repair data from the Arizona program and highlight its limitations. Because missing or incomplete cost information has been a serious shortcoming for evaluation of I/M programs, we develop a method for estimating the costs of repair when those costs are not reported. We find surprising evidence that almost one quarter of all vehicles that take the I/M test are never observed to pass... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: I/M; Repair; Emissions; Mobile sources; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; R48. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10915 |
| |
|
|
| Parry, Ian W.H.. |
| This paper compares the efficiency of a single lane toll, a congestion tax applied uniformly across freeway lanes, a gasoline tax, and a transit fare subsidy at reducing traffic congestion. The model incorporates a variety of conditions required to reach an efficient outcome. These include conditions for the efficient allocation of travel among competing modes, travel at peak versus off-peak periods, and drivers with high and low time costs sorted onto faster and slower freeway lanes. Each policy violates some or all of the efficiency conditions. Under wide parameter scenarios, the single lane toll, gasoline tax, and transit subsidy forgo at least two thirds of the efficiency gains under an "ideal" congestion tax that varies across lanes. In contrast, the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Efficiency effects; Congestion taxes; Single lane tolls; Rail subsidies; Gasoline taxes; Public Economics; R41; R48; D62. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10517 |
| |
|
|
| Parry, Ian W.H.. |
| This paper discusses the appropriate balance between traditional gasoline taxes and charging by the mile, focusing mainly on economic efficiency considerations. We begin with a brief discussion of the five major passenger vehicle externalities of concern-local pollution, greenhouse warming, oil dependency, traffic congestion, and traffic accidents-summarizing evidence on the dollar value of the externalities for passenger vehicles in the United States. We then discuss how much fuel taxation might be justified to account for these externalities, as well as how much taxation might be appropriate on fiscal grounds, assuming per-mile charges are unavailable. Finally, we discuss to what extent fuel taxation should be replaced with per-mile charges. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Gasoline tax; Mileage tax; Motor vehicle externalities; Fiscal interactions; Public Economics; H21; H23; R48. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10805 |
| |
|
|
| Safirova, Elena; Gillingham, Kenneth; Parry, Ian W.H.; Nelson, Peter; Harrington, Winston; Mason, David. |
| Economists have long advocated congestion pricing as an efficient way of allocating scarce roadway capacity. However, with a few exceptions, congestion tolls are rarely used in practice and strongly opposed by the public and elected officials. Although high implementation costs and privacy issues are alleviated as appropriate technologies are developed, the concerns that congestion pricing will adversely affect low-income travelers remain. In this paper, we use a strategic transportation planning model calibrated for the Washington, DC, metropolitan area to compare the welfare and distributional effects of three pricing schemes: value pricing (HOT lanes), limited congestion pricing, and comprehensive congestion pricing. We find that social welfare gains... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Traffic congestion; Congestion pricing; Value pricing; HOT lanes; HOV lanes; Public Economics; R40; R41; R48; H23. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10697 |
| |
| Registros recuperados: 15 | |
|
|
|
