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Una prueba robusta para detectar heterogeneidad de varianzas en un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Colegio de Postgraduados
Hurtado Jaramillo, Annel.
Uno de los supuestos más importantes del ANOVA es que las varianzas de las poblaciones estudiadas son iguales. Una prueba para verificar homogeneidad de varianzas es la prueba de Levene la cual es relativamente sensible a desviaciones de normalidad, se han propuesto algunas modificaciones logrando pruebas más robustas, sin embargo, no han sido del todo satisfactorias. Por lo que, este trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer una prueba robusta para heterogeneidad de varianzas usando el principio de transformación a rangos sobre el valor absoluto de los residuos. Mediante simulación Monte Carlo se comparó la potencia y el tamaño de la prueba propuesta con distintas variantes de la prueba de Levene. Los resultados de la simulación muestran que la prueba de...
Palavras-chave: No normalidad; Potencial de una prueba; Prueba de Levene; Robustez; Tamaños de prueba; Transformación a rangos; Leven´s test; Non-normality; Power of test; Rank transformation; Robustness; Test´s size; Estadística; Maestría.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10521/2172
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Synthesis: Vulnerability, Traps, and Transformations—Long-term Perspectives from Archaeology Ecology and Society
Schoon, Michael; Arizona State University; michael.schoon@asu.edu; Fabricius, Christo; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; christo.fabricius@gmail.com; Anderies, John M.; Arizona State University; m.anderies@asu.edu; Nelson, Margaret; Arizona State University; mnelson@asu.edu.
In this synthesis, we hope to accomplish two things: 1) reflect on how the analysis of the new archaeological cases presented in this special feature adds to previous case studies by revisiting a set of propositions reported in a 2006 special feature, and 2) reflect on four main ideas that are more specific to the archaeological cases: i) societal choices are influenced by robustness–vulnerability trade-offs, ii) there is interplay between robustness–vulnerability trade-offs and robustness–performance trade-offs, iii) societies often get locked in to particular strategies, and iv) multiple positive feedbacks escalate the perceived cost of societal change. We then discuss whether these lock-in traps can be prevented or...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Synthesis Palavras-chave: Archaeology; Robustness; Trade-offs; Transformation; Vulnerability.
Ano: 2011
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A Framework to Analyze the Robustness of Social-ecological Systems from an Institutional Perspective Ecology and Society
Anderies, John M; Arizona State University; m.anderies@asu.edu; Janssen, Marco A; Indiana University; maajanss@indiana.edu; Ostrom, Elinor; Indiana University; ostrom@indiana.edu.
What makes social-ecological systems (SESs) robust? In this paper, we look at the institutional configurations that affect the interactions among resources, resource users, public infrastructure providers, and public infrastructures. We propose a framework that helps identify potential vulnerabilities of SESs to disturbances. All the links between components of this framework can fail and thereby reduce the robustness of the system. We posit that the link between resource users and public infrastructure providers is a key variable affecting the robustness of SESs that has frequently been ignored in the past. We illustrate the problems caused by a disruption in this link. We then briefly describe the design principles originally developed for robust...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Institutions; Resilience; Robustness; Social-ecological systems.
Ano: 2004
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Aligning Key Concepts for Global Change Policy: Robustness, Resilience, and Sustainability Ecology and Society
Anderies, John M; Arizona State University; m.anderies@asu.edu; Folke, Carl; Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics; Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University; carl.folke@beijer.kva.se; Walker, Brian; CSIRO Ecosystem Science; Brian.Walker@csiro.au; Ostrom, Elinor; Indiana University; ostrom@indiana.edu.
Globalization, the process by which local social-ecological systems (SESs) are becoming linked in a global network, presents policy scientists and practitioners with unique and difficult challenges. Although local SESs can be extremely complex, when they become more tightly linked in the global system, complexity increases very rapidly as multi-scale and multi-level processes become more important. Here, we argue that addressing these multi-scale and multi-level challenges requires a collection of theories and models. We suggest that the conceptual domains of sustainability, resilience, and robustness provide a sufficiently rich collection of theories and models, but overlapping definitions and confusion about how these conceptual domains articulate with...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Fragility; Global change; Governance; Institutions; Resilience; Robustness; Sustainability.
Ano: 2013
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Social-ecological memory as a source of general and specified resilience Ecology and Society
von Heland, Jacob; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University; jacobvonheland@gmail.com.
We explored why social-ecological memory (SEM) is a source of inertia and path dependence, as well as a source of renewal and reorganization in social-ecological systems (SESs). We have presented two case studies: the historical case of the Norse settlement on Greenland and an empirical case from contemporary southern Madagascar. The cases illustrate how SEM is linked to specific pathways of development and a particular set of natural resource management practices. We have shown that in each case, a broader diversity of SEM is present in the SESs, but not drawn upon. Instead, SEMs are part of what explains community coherence and the barriers to adoption of more diverse practices. We have elaborated on how specific SEMs are linked to specified resilience,...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: General and specified resilience; Identity; Pathway dependency; Robustness; Social-ecological memory.
Ano: 2014
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Robustness, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity in small-scale social-ecological systems: The Pumpa Irrigation System in Nepal Ecology and Society
Cifdaloz, Oguzhan; ASU School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Ogu@asu.edu; Regmi, Ashok; ASU School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Ashok.Regmi@gmail.com; Anderies, John M; ASU School of Human Evolution and Social Change; School of Sustainability; m.anderies@asu.edu; Rodriguez, Armando A; Intelligent Embedded Systems Laboratory (IeSL), ASU Fulton School of Engineering; aar@asu.edu.
Change in freshwater availability is arguably one of the most pressing issues associated with global change. Agriculture, which uses roughly 70% of the total global freshwater supply, figures prominently among sectors that may be adversely affected by global change. Of specific concern are small-scale agricultural systems that make up nearly 90% of all farming systems and generate 40% of agricultural output worldwide. These systems are experiencing a range of novel shocks, including increased variability in precipitation and competing demands for water and labor that challenge their capacity to maintain agricultural output. This paper employs a robustness-vulnerability trade-off framework to explore the capacity of these small-scale systems to cope...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Adaptive capacity; Agriculture; Dynamic systems; Food security; Freshwater availability; Global change; Small-scale irrigation systems; Mathematical model; Nepal; Robustness; Social-ecological systems; Vulnerability.
Ano: 2010
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Weak feedbacks, governance mismatches, and the robustness of social-ecological systems: an analysis of the Southwest Nova Scotia lobster fishery with comparison to Maine Ecology and Society
Barnett, Allain J. ; Arizona State University; ajbarnet@asu.edu; Anderies, John M; Arizona State University; m.anderies@asu.edu.
The insights in Governing the Commons have provided foundational ideas for commons research in the past 23 years. However, the cases that Elinor Ostrom analyzed have been exposed to new social, economic, and ecological disturbances. What has happened to these cases since the 1980s? We reevaluated one of Ostrom’s case studies, the lobster and groundfishery of Port Lameron, Southwest Nova Scotia (SWNS). Ostrom suggested that the self-governance of this fishery was fragile because the government did not recognize the rights of resource users to organize their own rules. In the Maine lobster fishery, however, the government formalized customary rules and decentralized power to fishing ports. We applied the concepts of feedback, governance...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Atlantic Canada; Collective choice; Institutional analysis; Lobster; Maine; Polycentricity; Robustness.
Ano: 2014
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Transformation of resource management institutions under globalization: the case of songgye community forests in South Korea. Ecology and Society
Yu, David J.; School of Sustainability, Arizona State University; Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity, Arizona State University; davidjae@asu.edu; Anderies, John M.; Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity, Arizona State University; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University; School of Sustainability, Arizona State University; m.anderies@asu.edu; Lee, Dowon; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University; leedw@snu.ac.kr; Perez, Irene; Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity, Arizona State University; iperezib@asu.edu.
The context in which many self-governed commons systems operate will likely be significantly altered as globalization processes play out over the next few decades. Such dramatic changes will induce some systems to fail and subsequently to be transformed, rather than merely adapt. Despite this possibility, research on globalization-induced transformations of social-ecological systems (SESs) is still underdeveloped. We seek to help fill this gap by exploring some patterns of transformation in SESs and the question of what factors help explain the persistence of cooperation in the use of common-pool resources through transformative change. Through the analysis of 89 forest commons in South Korea that experienced such transformations, we found that there are...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Collective action; Community-based forest management; Forest commons; Multilevel governance; Nested enterprise; Network diversity; Robustness; Robustness trade-offs; Social-ecological systems; Songgye; Transformative capacity of social-ecological systems.
Ano: 2014
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Disturbance, Response, and Persistence in Self-Organized Forested Communities: Analysis of Robustness and Resilience in Five Communities in Southern Indiana Ecology and Society
Fleischman, Forrest D.; Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University; fleischf@indiana.edu; Boenning, Kinga; Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe (IAMO); k.boenning@googlemail.com; Garcia-Lopez, Gustavo A; Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University; ggarcial@indiana.edu; Mincey, Sarah; Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University; skmincey@indiana.edu; Schmitt-Harsh, Mikaela; Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University; Schmittm@indiana.edu; Lopez, Maria Claudia; Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Universidad Javeriana; mclopezperez@gmail.com; Basurto, Xavier; Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University; xavier.basurto@duke.edu; Fischer, Burney; Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University; bufische@indiana.edu; Ostrom, Elinor; Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University; ostrom@indiana.edu.
We develop an analytic framework for the analysis of robustness in social-ecological systems (SESs) over time. We argue that social robustness is affected by the disturbances that communities face and the way they respond to them. Using Ostrom's ontological framework for SESs, we classify the major factors influencing the disturbances and responses faced by five Indiana intentional communities over a 15-year time frame. Our empirical results indicate that operational and collective-choice rules, leadership and entrepreneurship, monitoring and sanctioning, economic values, number of users, and norms/social capital are key variables that need to be at the core of future theoretical work on robustness of self-organized systems.
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Disturbance; Intentional communities; Response; Robustness; Social-ecological systems.
Ano: 2010
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Genotype by environment interaction for 450-day weight of Nelore cattle analyzed by reaction norm models Genet. Mol. Biol.
Pégolo,Newton T.; Oliveira,Henrique N.; Albuquerque,Lúcia G.; Bezerra,Luiz Antonio F.; Lôbo,Raysildo B..
Genotype by environment interactions (GEI) have attracted increasing attention in tropical breeding programs because of the variety of production systems involved. In this work, we assessed GEI in 450-day adjusted weight (W450) Nelore cattle from 366 Brazilian herds by comparing traditional univariate single-environment model analysis (UM) and random regression first order reaction norm models for six environmental variables: standard deviations of herd-year (RRMw) and herd-year-season-management (RRMw-m) groups for mean W450, standard deviations of herd-year (RRMg) and herd-year-season-management (RRMg-m) groups adjusted for 365-450 days weight gain (G450) averages, and two iterative algorithms using herd-year-season-management group solution estimates...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Growth; Genotype by environment interaction; Plasticity; Random regression; Robustness.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572009000200013
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An evaluation of the implications of population structure on the current bluefin tuna advice framework ArchiMer
Kell, Laurence T; Fromentin, Jean-marc; Bonhommeau, Sylvain.
The objectives of the comprehensive ICCAT Atlantic-Wide Research Programme on Bluefin Tuna (GBYP) are to improve data collection, knowledge of key biological and ecological processes, assessment models and management. An important element of which is to develop a robust advice framework consistent with the Precautionary Approach. The current advice framework, which is based upon Virtual Population Analysis, demonstrates how a Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) framework can be used to evaluate the robustness of management advice to uncertainty about stock structure.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Bluefin; Management Strategy Evaluation; Robustness; Stock structure; VPA.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00192/30277/28740.pdf
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Sample Size and Robustness of Inferences from Logistic Regression in the Presence of Nonlinearity and Multicollinearity AgEcon
Bergtold, Jason S.; Yeager, Elizabeth A.; Featherstone, Allen M..
The logistic regression models has been widely used in the social and natural sciences and results from studies using this model can have significant impact. Thus, confidence in the reliability of inferences drawn from these models is essential. The robustness of such inferences is dependent on sample size. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of sample size on the mean estimated bias and efficiency of parameter estimation and inference for the logistic regression model. A number of simulations are conducted examining the impact of sample size, nonlinear predictors, and multicollinearity on substantive inferences (e.g. odds ratios, marginal effects) and goodness of fit (e.g. pseudo-R2, predictability) of logistic regression models. Findings...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Logistic Regression Model; Multicollinearity; Nonlinearity; Robustness; Small Sample Bias; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103771
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