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| Schultz, T. Paul. |
| Rural elderly have 40% of the income of those in urban areas, spend a larger share of their income on food, are in worse health, work later into their lives, and depend more on their children, lacking pensions and public services. The birth quota since 1980 has particularly restricted the childbearing of rural less educated women, who now face retirement with fewer children for support. Inequality in China is also be traced to increasing returns to schooling , especially beyond secondary school. Government restrictions on rural-urban migration reduces national efficiency, adds to the urban-rural wage gap, and increases inequality. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Human capital returns; Rural-urban migration; Elderly poverty; China; Labor and Human Capital; J13; J24; J14. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28437 |
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| Shifa, Abdulaziz B.. |
| Though poor agricultural land property rights are typical constraints that many peasants in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have faced since independence, little has been done to explain their persistence. I will first discuss the so called evolutionary theory of property right (ETPR), which stipulates that land property rights evolve as an afficient response to the economic environment. The empirical evidence suggests that the policies adopted by African regimes are actually in sharp contrast to what the ETPR predicts. I will then present a simple political economy model with three major assumptions that are commonly observed in SSA countries: (1) de jure political power belongs to the urban elite, (2) urban unrest is a source of threat to the elite and (3) a... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Land property rights; Urban bias; Population pressure; Rural-urban migration; Land Economics/Use. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116002 |
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| Ahuja, Usha Rani; Tyagi, Dushayant; Chauhan, Sonia; Chaudhary, Khyali Ram. |
| The study conducted in the state of Haryana has investigated the impact of implementation of MGNREGA in two districts — one agriculturally-advanced (Karnal) and the other agriculturally-backward (Mewat). Besides demographic characteristics, the paper has investigated the difference in the employment status, income, landholding size, herd size and other assets of the sample farm households in these two districts by taking 120 farm families, 60 from each district. The impact of MGNREGA within a district has also been studied in terms of income and employment security, migration, debt repayment, extent of participation in MGNREGA works, socio-economic status, etc. by seeking information from 30 participating and 30 nonparticipating households in MGNREGA works... |
| Tipo: Article |
Palavras-chave: MGNREGA; Rural employment; Rural-urban migration; Haryana; Agricultural and Food Policy; J23; J61. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119403 |
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